Voters in every EU country will elect a new European Parliament on 23-26 May. Even the UK is preparing for a vote, while at the same time preparing to leave the 28-member bloc.

With an average turnout of 43% many Europeans do not bother to vote, but the parliament has significant powers and elections come around only once in five years.

While laws are drafted by the European Commission, it is the directly-elected parliament along with the Council of 28 governments which decide.

MEPs have the power to approve, amend or reject nearly all EU legislation.

So what have they achieved in this five-year term?

‘Roam like at home’

Perhaps their most popular decision was abolishing roaming charges for people using their mobile phones abroad.

Under the “roam like at home” rules, all EU citizens travelling in other member countries can call, text and browse the internet on their mobile phones for the same price as at home.

The rules, agreed in 2017, are subject to “fair use limits”, which stop people from getting a mobile phone contract in one country and then using it all year round in another.

Until the laws changed, EU citizens were often landed with big bills after their holidays, with roaming charges added to the cost of calls, texts and internet browsing.

(Possibly) saving the bees

The EU last year agreed a near-total ban on the world’s most widely used insecticides.

The move to ban the use of neonicotinoids followed recommendations by scientific studies, which had long linked their use to declines in bee populations.

Some five million people had signed petitions calling for restrictions on insecticides to be expanded.

But while environmentalists welcomed the move, some manufacturers and farmers argued that the science remained inconclusive – and that the ban was not guaranteed to deliver results.

For some, the law marks a wider shift in EU policy, in which the needs of the environment are being put before those of production.

Controversial copyright changes

When MEPs decided to approve sweeping copyright rules, critics warned it could change the internet.

Under the new law, tech firms will be responsible for material posted without copyright permission, and must either make a “best effort” to get the rights for it to be there, or quickly remove it.

This means that sites such as YouTube could be held responsible if users upload copyright-protected works.

Supporters say the rule helps to ensure that artists, musicians and other creators are fairly compensated. But tech companies say it will destroy user-generated content.

Google says the law, which EU states have been given two years to put into national law, will “harm Europe’s creative and digital industries”.

An end to fish dumping

Rules came into force at the start of this year banning fishing crews across the EU from dumping unwanted catches – known as discards – back in the sea.

The legislation, adopted as far back as 2013, sought to end the practice of crews dumping fish – both dead and alive – because they have exceeded their EU quota, or caught unwanted species.

Crews are now required to keep all catches of fish managed by quotas on board, to avoid waste.

A campaign led by British chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall and supported by hundreds of thousands of people spurred the change.

However, UK industry bodies have called the legislation “badly designed”, and a House of Lords committee said the rules could have a “grave impact” on the UK’s fishing industry.

Handing over air passenger data

A joint system was approved in 2016 for police and justice officials to access airline passenger data for flights to and from EU countries, to help in terrorist and serious crime investigations.

The Passenger Name Records (PNR) system enables national authorities to get hold of data collected by airlines – including contact, payment and baggage details.

First proposed in 2007, the PNR system sparked privacy concerns and eventually went through, amid heightened security fears after the Paris terrorist attacks of November 2015.

Under the law, no data is allowed revealing a person’s race or ethnic origin, religion, political opinion, trade union membership, health or sexual life.

Overhauling data privacy

It was dubbed the biggest shake-up of data privacy in 20 years, when the EU introduced the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) last May.

Aimed at helping people protect and control use of their personal data online, it came after a string of high-profile breaches of privacy.

One of the biggest breaches involved a political consultancy called Cambridge Analytica, which used data harvested from millions of Facebook users without their consent.

“This is legislation which can literally sink those organisations who fail to respect our data privacy rights,” said data protection specialist Anya Proops QC.

The data privacy law:

GDPR: Are you ready for the EU’s huge data privacy shake-up?

Targeting plastics

The EU passed two major laws aimed at curbing pollution involving plastic bags and single-use plastic.

In 2015, EU countries were required to reduce dramatically the use of plastic bags thinner than 0.05mm – the most commonly used in the EU.

They had either to:

Then, this year, MEPs voted to ban a range of single-use plastics from 2021.

Under the ban, which still has to clear some procedural hurdles, some of the most common ocean-polluting plastics will no longer be allowed.

This includes plastic cutlery and plates, cotton buds, straws, and balloon sticks.

Environmentalists welcomed the action, which comes amid growing concerns over marine pollution and reports of whales dying with plastic in their stomachs.

Cutting emissions – or at least planning to

MEPs in 2016 voted in support of the historic Paris Agreement – the first-ever legally binding global climate deal – coming into force in the EU.

The international deal includes calls for countries to limit greenhouse-gas emissions.

Parliament this year approved plans to reduce dramatically greenhouse-gas emissions from cars and vans by 2030.

Under the rules, emissions from new cars will have to be 37.5% lower and emissions from new vans 31% lower.

The EU says it is aiming to become the first major economy to go “climate neutral” by 2050.

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