BRUSSELS (NYTIMES) – A high-level look at Nato’s next 10 years recommends significant changes to confront the new challenges of an aggressive Russia and a rising China, urging overhauls to fortify the alliance’s cohesion and better coordinate with democratic allies around the world.

Nato did well boosting military deterrence after the Russian invasion of Ukraine and annexation of Crimea in 2014, the report commissioned by the alliance says.

But with a similar challenge to the West arising from an ambitious and authoritarian China, it says the alliance now needs to make similar advances on the political side, including reaching out more consistently to Asian allies anxious about Beijing’s ambitions.

Covering 138 specific recommendations in some 60 pages, the report will be a major source of discussion on Tuesday (Dec 1), the start of a two-day meeting of Nato foreign ministers that is likely to be the last for Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.

The report is scheduled to be released on Tuesday evening, but its contents were described in advance to The New York Times by several people familiar with them.

The report was requested by Nato Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg after President Emmanuel Macron of France said a year ago that Nato was experiencing “brain death” because of a lack of strategic coordination and US leadership.

According to a diplomat from a Nato country, the report is a kind of riposte to Macron but also an effort to respond to his legitimate criticisms of an alliance that has been slow to adapt its structures and its reach, and where decision-making is a cumbersome and often arduous process that hinders quick reaction.

A co-chairman of the 10-member group of experts, A. Wess Mitchell, told Nato ambassadors in a private briefing that the report showed that “Nato is alive and kicking both in its cerebral function and its muscle tissue.”

In an interview, Mitchell, a former US assistant secretary of state for Europe, acknowledged that the quotation was accurate. He said that the report was aimed at the future for an alliance whose last formal strategic concept was written a decade ago, when a different kind of relationship with Russia was hoped for and in which China was not even mentioned.

“Our intention is to be candid about the challenges to NATO, with a tone of well-grounded optimism,” Mitchell said. The main message, he said, is that “Nato has to adapt itself for an era of strategic rivalry with Russia and China, for the return of a geopolitical competition that has a military dimension but also a political one.”

Nato, he added, is “first and foremost an alliance of Euro-Atlantic democracies, and must evolve politically to match its military evolution”.

In this new world, internal division is damaging, Mitchell said. “That strategic competition makes schisms inside potentially more dangerous, because they can be exploited. So it also puts an emphasis on political cohesion.”

To that end, the report does not recommend the scrapping of Nato’s principle of consensus, but suggests ways to speed up decisions. For example, numerous Nato partnership decisions with countries like Israel and even Austria are being held up by one country, in this case Turkey. The report suggests that such disputes be raised to the ministerial level, not left with the anonymity of ambassadors.

China is a significant part of the report, and it recommends setting up a consultative body to coordinate Western policy toward Beijing and to highlight Chinese activities that could affect Western security. Those include issues like spying, supply chains, information warfare and arms buildups.

With its technological ambitions, military expansion and trade policies, China can no longer be seen as simply an Asian player, the report argues, and Nato has been slow to respond to the challenge.

The report urges the creation of analytical centres better able to study disruptive and emerging technologies and to better use artificial intelligence, so the alliance can enhance its security and deterrence against cyber and hybrid warfare, beyond the traditional battlefield.

It should also use those capacities to improve the fight against terrorism and better coordinate policies that defend NATO’s southern members, which are less worried about Russia than about Islamist terrorism and state-sponsored wars, like in Libya, that create uncontrolled migration.

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The report is also blunt about the problems of democratic adherence inside the alliance, arguing that with ideological rivals like Russia and China, the political health of the alliance matters more.

It recommends creating a Centre of Excellence for Democratic Resilience and recommitting all members to the principles of the Nato founding treaty, whose prologue commits them to uphold “the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law.”

The report also urges closer coordination with the European Union and its own military efforts and ambitions. It recommends a permanent staffing link and a more explicit encouragement by Nato of EU efforts toward a more capable European defense, so far as they strengthen the alliance, contribute to fairer burden-sharing and do not exclude non-EU allies.

A senior diplomat from a Nato country called the report comprehensive, a foundation from which Stoltenberg can build recommendations to political leaders from the alliance for their next summit, expected early next year. Nato is expected, as the report urges, to approve the preparation of a new strategic concept to replace the one of 2010.

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