“Like for Trump 2020,” said one meme with a photo of Donald Trump and a photo of Joe Biden. “Ignore for Biden 2020.”

Four years after Russia-linked groups stoked divisions in the United States presidential election on social media platforms, a new report shows that Moscow’s campaign hasn’t let up and has become harder to detect.

The report from University of Wisconsin-Madison professor Young Mie Kim found that Russia-linked social media accounts are posting about the same divisive issues – race relations, gun laws and immigration – as they did in 2016, when the Kremlin polluted US voters’ feeds with messages about the presidential election.

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Since then, however, the Russians have grown better at imitating US campaigns and political fan pages online, said Kim, who analysed thousands of posts. She studied more than five million Facebook ads during the 2016 election, identifying Russia’s fingerprints on some of the messages through an ad-tracking app installed on volunteers’ computers.

Her review is co-published by the Brennan Center for Justice, a law and policy institute, where she is a scholar.

The recent improvements make it harder for voters and social media platforms to identify the foreign interference, Kim said.

“For normal users, it is too subtle to discern the differences,” Kim said. “By mimicking domestic actors, with similar logos [and] similar names, they are trying to avoid verification.”

Kim’s report comes weeks after US intelligence officials briefed lawmakers on Russian efforts to stir chaos in US politics and undermine public confidence in this year’s election. The classified briefing detailed Russian efforts to boost the White House bids of both Republican President Donald Trump and Democratic Senator Bernie Sanders.

Facebook, which had not seen Kim’s report, had no immediate comment, though the company has insisted that it is getting better at responding to the evolving tactics of foreign and domestic actors.

After getting caught off-guard with Russia’s 2016 election interference attempts, Facebook, Google, Twitter and others put safeguards in place to prevent it from happening again. These measures include taking down posts, groups and accounts that engage in “coordinated inauthentic behavior,” and strengthening verification procedures for political ads.

Cindy Otis, a disinformation expert and former CIA officer who was not involved in the research, said that while disinformation messaging has not changed much, the technology used to disseminate the bad information is evolving and improving.

“Certainly with the Russians, they know what kinds of narratives work in the US,” Otis said. “The whole system of disinformation is very effective and they know that it is.”

Kim’s report pulls back the curtain on some of the online techniques Russia has already used in this year’s US presidential race.

Her review identified thousands of posts last year from more than 30 Instagram accounts, which Facebook removed from the site in October after concluding that they originated from Russia and had links to the Internet Research Agency, a Russian operation that targeted US audiences in 2016. Facebook owns Instagram. Analysis from Graphika, a disinformation security firm, also concluded at the time that the accounts went to “great lengths to hide their origins”.

Kim’s analysis found the accounts appeared to mimic existing political ones, including one called “Bernie.2020_” that used campaign logos to make it seem like it was connected to Sanders’s campaign or was a fan page for his supporters, Kim said.

Some presidential candidates also were targeted directly.

An account called Stop.Trump2020 posted anti-Trump content. Other Instagram accounts pushed negative messages about Democrat Joe Biden.

“Like for Trump 2020,” said one meme featuring a portrait photo of Trump and a photo of Biden. “Ignore for Biden 2020.”

It was posted by an Instagram account called Iowa.Patriot, one of several accounts that targeted specific communities in crucial swing states such as Michigan, Ohio and Iowa with messaging.

The accounts also appeared to capitalise on other divisive US issues that emerged after the 2016 election.

Some Instagram accounts pretended to be liberal, feminist groups linked to the #MeToo movement, which has exposed sexual misconduct allegations against high-profile public figures. Other accounts targeted conservative women with posts that criticised abortions.

“I don’t need feminism, because real feminism is about equal opportunity and respect for women. NOT about abortions, free birth control ….” a meme on one account read.

The accounts varied in how often they posted, the size of their following and the traction the posts received. But they carried the hallmarks of a Russian-backed online disinformation campaign, Kim said.

“They’re clearly adapting to current affairs,” Kim said. “Targeting both sides with messages is very unique to Russia.”

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