London: To the casual observer, Britain — an island nation that's no stranger to rain — could not get much wetter.

But, as it turns out, that's a fallacy. And if preventive steps are not taken, in less than three decades, Britain might run out of water, the chief executive of the Environment Agency, a public body responsible for conservation in England, said on Tuesday.

People are silhouetted against parched grass from the lack of rain on Parliament Square, backdropped by the scaffolded Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, during what has been the driest summer for many years in London in 2018.Credit:AP

"On the present projections, many parts of our country will face significant water deficits by 2050, particularly in the southeast, where much of the UK population lives," the agency chief, James Bevan, said at a conference on water use.

In about 20 to 25 years, demand could close in on supply in what Bevan called "the jaws of death — the point at which, unless we take action to change things, we will not have enough water to supply our needs."

The reasons, he said, were climate change and population growth. And he called for a change of attitude toward water conservation to help tackle the problem.

Hard to imagine a water shortage: Commuters make their way across London Bridge facing inclement weather in London, UK.Credit:Bloomberg

"We need water wastage to be as socially unacceptable as blowing smoke in the face of a baby or throwing your plastic bags into the sea," Bevan said.

Many in Britain, citing the often rainy weather and expressing frustration with the infamously high levels of leakage from underground pipes, tend to belittle warnings about water shortages.

But climate change means that Britain "will have hotter and drier summers," Bevan said. Last summer, the country was hit with weeks of unusual heat and unusually dry weather.

In the future, the changed conditions could amount to a 10 to 15 per cent decline in the available water, and rainfall will probably become less predictable, creating a higher risk of drought. At the same time, Britain's population is expected to rise by 8 million in the next three decades, to 75 million in 2050, from about 67 million now.

People walk through the rain in the Westminster area of London in torrential rains in 2016.Credit:Adam Ferguson/New York Times

"Climate change plus growth equals an existential threat," Bevan said.

To avoid severe water shortages, he added, demand would have to be reduced — by taking measures like cutting down on leakage, increasing metering, having sustainable drainage systems and cutting down personal use — and the supply would have to be expanded.

"We can increase supply by a mix of methods, all of which we'll need to pursue," Bevan said. Those include building more desalination plants, transferring water from surplus to deficit areas and building reservoirs, he added. The last reservoir built in Britain is several decades old, he pointed out.

Michael Roberts, chief executive of Water UK, an organisation which represents British water companies, agreed that multiple steps needed to be taken.

"A twin-track approach is the right way to go, reducing demand for water at the same time as increasing supply to deal with the challenges of growth on the one hand and climate change on the other," he said in a statement Tuesday.

Roberts added that "water companies have publicly committed to cut leakage by 50 per cent by 2050" and underlined the need for the government, industry and regulators to work together.

Tony Allan, a water expert and emeritus professor of geography at King's College London, said that the political issue of supply was so emotional in Britain that "it's a place where we have the option not to have a water meter."

"Only droughts get people to think we have a problem and approve some changes," he said in a phone interview Tuesday.

The biggest problems would most likely be in southern England, Allan said, adding that "there will always be excess water in the north of England." And he said the situation in Britain would probably not be as serious as it is likely to become in places like Israel or Singapore.

Nonetheless, the issue is complicated, Allan said. Domestic and industrial consumption is a relatively small part of the picture, he explained, with the water needed for agriculture perhaps being of greater concern.

But, he said of Bevan's comments, "At least he's moved the topic up the agenda."

The New York Times

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