WASHINGTON — The White House said on Saturday that President Trump was sticking to his demand for $5 billion for a border wall, suggesting that the partial government shutdown that began early Saturday would continue at least through Christmas.

In a call with reporters, administration officials indicated that the president would not relent on his signature campaign promise, saying that the only way out of the impasse was for Senate Democrats to do something they have promised never to do — grant him the $5 billion for border security.

But even as the White House officials spoke, Vice President Mike Pence was at the Capitol presenting an offer to the top Senate Democrat, Chuck Schumer of New York, according to Senator Richard C. Shelby of Alabama, the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. He offered no details about the proposal, and said it would be difficult to reach any deal on Saturday.

Representative Nancy Pelosi, the top House Democrat, suggested in an interview that if an agreement was not reached by the close of the weekend, lawmakers and staff members should go home for the Christmas holiday. “I really do think that if it doesn’t happen today or tomorrow, then people should just be with their families and relax,” she said, adding, “We have certainty we will end this the first week in January,” when Democrats assume control of the House.

Large sections of the federal government closed at 12:01 a.m. Saturday in the third shutdown of President Trump’s 23 months in office. It was an ignominious end to a year that began much the same way, with a three-day government shutdown in January.

The latest breakdown, which hinges on the impulses of a mercurial president, only added to the sense that, as Senator Claire McCaskill, the departing Democrat from Missouri, said in her recent farewell speech, “something is broken, and if we don’t have the strength to look in the mirror and fix it, the American people are going to grow more and more cynical.”

With Senate Democrats saying they will never accede to Mr. Trump’s insistence on the $5 billion for his wall, and the White House offering no indication that the president will accept less, nine of the federal government’s 15 cabinet-level departments have officially shuttered. They include the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security and the Interior; other agencies, like the Defense Department, are unaffected because Congress had already approved their spending.

Roughly 380,000 workers were expected to be sent home, and another 420,000 considered too essential to be furloughed — including airport security officials and Customs and Border Patrol officers — were to remain on the job without pay. National parks generally planned to remain open, though with reduced services in some cases and without the presence of rangers to assist visitors.

After remaining publicly silent on the shutdown through much of the morning, Mr. Trump took to Twitter a little before noon on Saturday to say that he was “in the White House, working hard.”

“We are negotiating with the Democrats on desperately needed Border Security (Gangs, Drugs, Human Trafficking & more) but it could be a long stay,” he wrote, not specifically mentioning his much-promised wall.

While administration officials were negotiating with Senate Democrats, Mr. Trump hosted a Republicans-only lunch at the White House; the guests included Mr. Shelby and several leaders of the House Freedom Caucus, die-hard Trump supporters who have been leading the push for wall funding and encouraging the president to demand it.

In the Capitol, the Senate was officially in session, but mostly quiet. The two Senate leaders — Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, the Republican leader, and Mr. Schumer — gave dueling speeches on the Senate floor, with Mr. McConnell pointing the finger at Democrats and Mr. Schumer pointing the finger at Mr. Trump.

“They brought this about because they’re under a lot of pressure — we all know this — from their far left and feel compelled to disagree with the president,” Mr. McConnell said, referring to Democrats. He said Republicans have “pushed the pause button until the president, from whom we will need a signature, and Senate Democrats, from whom we will need votes, reach agreement.”

Mr. Schumer, meanwhile, said the shutdown had occurred “because of one person and one person alone — President Trump. We arrived at this moment because the president has been on a destructive two-week temper tantrum demanding the American taxpayer pony up for an expensive, ineffective border wall that the president promised Mexico would pay for.”

Saturday’s negotiations followed a tumultuous week in the Capitol. On Thursday, the Republican-led House, voting mostly along party lines, passed a stopgap spending measure to fund the nine agencies, and attached $5.7 billion to it for border security and disaster relief.

The Senate on Friday voted 48 to 47, with Mr. Pence breaking a tie, to begin debate on that legislation. But leaders of both parties agreed that the vote was largely meaningless and that the House bill had no chance of passing the Senate, because Republicans could not get help from Democrats to muster the 60 votes required under Senate rules. That sent White House and congressional officials back to the negotiating table for talks that were expected to continue through the weekend.

With Mr. Trump publicly sticking to his demand of $5 billion for a wall — or, as he said on Twitter on Friday, “artistically designed steel slats” — there were a number of potential compromises that would have forced him to drop it, by perhaps leaving out spending on a wall while instead beefing up spending on other security measures at the border, according to people with knowledge of the talks.

Among the options discussed behind closed doors were proposals that would allocate anywhere from $1.6 billion to $2.5 billion to border security, none of which could be spent on a wall. But it was not clear that conservatives in the House, who insisted on Thursday on adding the $5.7 billion for the barrier the president has demanded, would back that solution.

Lawmakers were exasperated and eager to head home for the Christmas holiday. Some held out hope early Saturday that Democrats would meet the White House halfway on Mr. Trump’s $5 billion demand. Democrats in the Senate have offered, at various points, $1.3 billion or $1.6 billion for border security, including fencing — but not a wall.

“This has been the interesting challenge,” Senator James Lankford, Republican of Oklahoma, told CNN on Saturday morning. He added, “I think there’s a general agreement now that we need to do border security; now it’s figuring out the amount.”

In South Texas on Saturday morning, work by border security officials appeared to continue as usual despite the shutdown. A Customs and Border Protection helicopter hovered over the Rio Grande, and Border Patrol pickup trucks kicked up dirt as they drove on unpaved roads, with one bouncing across the flood levee, the same structure where Mr. Trump said he aims to construct a border wall.

“They’re going to do their job like they’re supposed to,” said Art Del Cueto, an agent in Arizona and vice president of the agency’s labor union. “Nothing changes, except they don’t get paid.”

The effects of the shutdown will spread with time, particularly once the workweek begins. The Smithsonian Institution said it had enough money stored away that its museums, as well as the National Zoo in Washington, could remain open through Jan. 1.

Even agencies that remained open, though, said they may need to curb their operations. The National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Fla., for example, said it would still issue its usual predictions and alerts, but that it would limit social media posts “to subjects that are directly related to forecasts and warnings.”

In Windsor Locks, Conn., a Transportation Security Administration agent stacked plastic bins at Bradley International Airport late Friday. The agent, Daniel Defosse, said he wasn’t too upset that he would be working without pay. “It’s a job. It comes with the territory, honestly,” he said. Still, he added, “it’s not going to be fun, but we’ve got to do it.”

At the same time, in Washington, the blame game was well underway. With Democrats set to take over the House in January, their leaders wasted little time in reminding the nation that Republicans are, for now at least, still running the show.

“Regrettably, America has now entered a Trump Shutdown,” Ms. Pelosi and Mr. Schumer said in a joint statement issued late Friday.

“Republicans control the House, the Senate and the White House,” the statement said. “But instead of honoring his responsibility to the American people, President Trump threw a temper tantrum and convinced House Republicans to push our nation into a destructive Trump Shutdown.”

The use of that phrase — Trump Shutdown — was a calculated effort by the Democrats to force Mr. Trump to take blame. In his much-publicized meeting with Mr. Schumer and Ms. Pelosi in the Oval Office earlier this month, the president said he would do just that, declaring, “I am proud to shut down the government for border security.” He added, “I am not going to blame you for it.”

But as Friday’s midnight deadline drew near, Mr. Trump had reversed himself and was using the phrase “Democrat shutdown” to describe the latest turn of events.

“If enough Dems don’t vote, it will be a Democrat Shutdown!” Mr. Trump declared on Twitter on Friday, right before the Senate took its vote.

But Mr. Trump himself was complicating the chances of any deal; during a meeting with Republican senators on Friday morning, he refused to provide specifics about what kind of plan he could support, including how much money he would accept for fortifying the border, despite their repeated efforts to ascertain his conditions for a deal, according to a Senate official briefed on the session who insisted on anonymity to describe it.

Democrats, meanwhile, felt that they had the upper hand, given that the Republican majority in the House will expire in two weeks.

“Abandon your shutdown strategy,” Mr. Schumer said on the Senate floor Friday, addressing his remarks to the president. “You’re not getting the wall today, next week or on Jan. 3 when Democrats take control of the House.”

Meanwhile, one nemesis of the president — the celebrity chef José Andrés, who backed out of a deal to open a restaurant in the Trump hotel in Washington after Mr. Trump made derogatory remarks about Mexicans — delighted a bit in tweaking the president.

“All my beautiful hardworking people of the Federal Goverment, come to any of my places with your families at the bar between 2-5 pm for a free sandwich,” Mr. Andrés wrote on Twitter. “Everyday until back to work!

Sabrina Tavernise contributed reporting from Windsor Locks, Conn.; Alan Blinder from Atlanta; and Mitchell Ferman from Mission, Tex.

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