WASHINGTON — The Central Intelligence Agency has concluded that the Saudi crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, ordered the killing of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi, according to American officials.

The C.I.A. has made the assessment based on the crown prince’s control of Saudi Arabia, which is such that the killing would not have taken place without his approval, and has buttressed its conclusion with two sets of crucial communications: intercepts of the crown prince’s calls in the days before the killing, and calls by the kill team to a senior aide to the crown prince.

Officials cautioned, however, that the American and Turkish intelligence agencies still do not have direct evidence linking Prince Mohammed to the assassination in the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul.

The intercepts do show that Prince Mohammed was trying to find ways to lure Mr. Khashoggi back to Saudi Arabia, although the crown prince did not say in the phone calls that he wanted to have Mr. Khashoggi killed, according to people briefed on the intelligence findings.

One former official said intelligence agencies were also examining communications between Mr. Khashoggi and the Saudi ambassador to Washington, Prince Khalid bin Salman, the brother of the crown prince. Mr. Khashoggi’s friends have been skeptical that those conversations led to the trip to the consulate in Istanbul because, the friends said, Mr. Khashoggi did not decide to go to there until he traveled to Turkey.

Prince Khalid’s denial came unusually swiftly. In a Twitter post on Friday, he said that he texted with Mr. Khashoggi on Oct. 26, but never suggested that Mr. Khashoggi go to Turkey. Prince Khalid denied he made any phone calls, and challenged officials to produce records.

“I never talked to him by phone and certainly never suggested he go to Turkey for any reason,” he tweeted. “I ask the US government to release any information regarding this claim.”

The C.I.A.’s assessment was first reported Friday by The Washington Post. A C.I.A. spokesman declined to comment.

The increasingly definitive assessment from the spy agency creates a problem for President Trump, who has tied his administration to Prince Mohammed and proclaimed him the future of Saudi Arabia, a longtime American ally.

Jared Kushner, the president’s son-in-law and senior adviser, has been particularly close to Prince Mohammed. Mr. Kushner has long advocated that a strong relationship with the Saudis is in the United States’ interest, and has pushed to maintain support for the crown prince despite the death of Mr. Khashoggi, who Saudi officials now say was killed with a lethal dose of tranquilizers and dismembered. Previously, Saudi officials said that Mr. Khashoggi had been strangled.

Both administration officials and intelligence officers do not believe the controversy over Mr. Khashoggi will drive him from power, which is one reason White House officials believe cutting ties with the prince would not be in the interest of the United States.

But the new assessment by the C.I.A. is sure to harden the resolve of lawmakers on Capitol Hill to continue to investigate the killing of Mr. Khashoggi and punish Saudi Arabia.

“It is one of those acts that must cause us to re-examine the relationship and how much dependence we place on it,” said Representative Adam B. Schiff, Democrat of California, who is set to lead the House Intelligence Committee next year.

Senate Republicans, according to people briefed on their deliberations, want to see more decisive steps from Saudi Arabia to try to defuse the crisis. One move that could blunt tougher congressional action, they said, would be for Riyadh to release some dissidents, including the leaders of the effort to allow women to drive.

Lawmakers are hoping to use the controversy over the assassination to try and force an end to the Saudi war in Yemen, or at least the American military support for it.

The United States has already announced that it would end air refueling flights for the Saudi Air Force over Yemen, and has sanctioned 17 Saudis for their alleged involvement in the killing of Mr. Khashoggi.

Mr. Schiff said the administration’s move to cut off refueling for Saudi planes conducting airstrikes is more significant than the sanctions.

“If we truly want to affect Saudi behavior it is going to be more important to focus on bringing an end to the campaign in Yemen than these announcements of sanctions on these individuals we are unlikely to be able to reach,” he said.

Mr. Schiff said he was pushing for a classified briefing for the entire House on the war in Yemen and American support for the Saudi campaign. Republicans on the Hill have also said they would support such a briefing.

Skepticism about the Saudis in Congress has grown as Saudi officials have given multiple and conflicting accounts of what happened in the consulate in Istanbul. This week they announced they would seek the death penalty against some of the perpetrators.

C.I.A. officials have long been unsure about Prince Mohammed and his abilities to lead the kingdom. The agency, and its former director John O. Brennan, had a close relationship with Prince Mohammed’s rival, Mohammed bin Nayef. The young crown prince out maneuvered his rival in 2017 to consolidate his position.

Turkish officials made tape recordings of the killing of Mr. Khashoggi in the consulate, and the Turkish government was the first to say that they had definitive proof that Mr. Khashoggi was assassinated.

But Turkish official have stopped short of saying there is definitive evidence of Prince Mohammed’s role in the death on the recordings they have.

Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazzetti contributed reporting.

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