NAIROBI, Kenya — Ethiopia’s prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, ordered military action against a regional government in the country’s north early Wednesday, in a major escalation of a simmering conflict that now threatens to plunge the country into a new phase of turmoil.

In a statement, Mr. Abiy accused the Tigray People’s Liberation Front, the governing party in the Tigray region, of attempting to provoke a war by orchestrating a militia assault on a major Ethiopian Army base in Tigray in the early hours of Wednesday.

Mr. Abiy accused the raiders of trying to seize artillery and other military equipment in the attack on the Northern Command, which is stationed in Tigray. He vowed to respond with an immediate show of force, and hours later, a spokeswoman for Mr. Abiy said military operations were underway.

“The last red line has been crossed with this morning’s attacks, and the federal government is therefore forced into a military confrontation,” Mr. Abiy said in his statement.

The army has been ordered to “carry out their mission to save the country and the region from spiraling into instability,” he said. He did not say what specific actions the army had been ordered to take.

It was not immediately possible to verify that the raid described by Mr. Abiy had indeed taken place. His statement, which said the attack had occurred that morning, was released by 4 a.m., which would make it a remarkably quick response.

It was widely interpreted as a declaration of war against a historically powerful province, and it evoked fears that Ethiopia, Africa’s second most populous country, already shaken by violent ethnic tensions in other regions, was on the verge of a potentially disastrous internal conflict.

“Abiy has just made the worst strategic blunder of his career,” Rashid Abdi, a Horn of Africa analyst based in Kenya, said on Twitter. Any conflict over Tigray could have “devastating consequences across the entire subregion,” he added.

Tensions between Tigray and the federal government have grown steadily since September, when Tigray defied Mr. Abiy by holding elections that had been canceled in the rest of Ethiopia because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

At a news conference on Monday, Debretsion Gebremichael, the president of Tigray, warned that Mr. Abiy was planning to attack the region as punishment for that defiance.

After Mr. Abiy issued his statement on Wednesday, Tigray announced that it had closed its airspace and restricted road movement in the region, the regional television broadcaster reported. The Tigray authorities also called on Ethiopian Army generals and troops “to repudiate against dictatorship,” in an apparent call for a mutiny against the government.

The Tigray People’s Liberation Front, which started as a rebel group, has been a dominant presence in Ethiopia for decades. In 1991, it ousted the country’s longtime dictator, Mengistu Haile Mariam, and held power for the next two decades under Meles Zenawi, who came from Tigray and ruled as president and then prime minister until his death in 2012.

But the party’s influence has waned sharply under Mr. Abiy, who came to power on a reformist wave in 2018, and its leaders have made increasingly assertive claims that they were being deliberately sidelined in favor of other regions.

Tigray accounts for just 5 percent of Ethiopia’s 109 million people, but its history and wealth have lent it greater political clout than more populous regions.

Last year, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front split from Mr. Abiy’s governing coalition, then proceeded in September with elections for the regional Parliament.

Mr. Abiy’s bellicose declaration was especially striking from a leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 for making peace with Eritrea. After coming to power, he won widespread praise for trying to modernize Ethiopia by allowing new freedoms and championing an ambitious program of economic growth.

Over the summer, Mr. Abiy was embroiled in a diplomatic dispute with Egypt over a $4.6 billion hydroelectric dam that Ethiopia is building on the Nile, and which started filling in July. President Trump, who tried to mediate the dispute in the spring, speculated recently that Egypt might launch a military attack on the dam.

At home, Mr. Abiy has struggled to manage long-suppressed demands from Ethiopia’s patchwork of ethnic groups for greater autonomy from the central government. On Sunday, attackers killed at least 54 ethnic Amharas in the western Oromia region, rights groups said.

Mr. Abiy attributed that attack to a group called the Oromo Liberation Army, which he said was supported by the Tigray government. Tigray denied any role in it.

Some analysts speculated that Mr. Abiy had chosen to move against Tigray when the world’s attention was absorbed by the American presidential election. “I guess the most important factor that dictated the timing of the war is not T.P.L.F. attack but U.S. election,” Semir Yusuf, a senior researcher in the Horn of Africa program at the Institute for Security Studies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, said by text message.

Zemelak Aytenew, an associate professor in government studies at Addis Ababa University, said Mr. Abiy’s declaration was “sad but not a surprise.”

“Tigray is a heavily militarized region,” he added. “I hope everyone knows what they are doing.”

Declan Walsh reported from Nairobi, and Simon Marks from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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