Ford Motor and its battery manufacturing partner will receive a $9.2 billion loan to build three battery factories in Kentucky and Tennessee, the Department of Energy said Thursday. The loan is the single biggest financial commitment the Biden administration has made in its effort to build an electric vehicle manufacturing network in the United States.

The loan will go to a joint venture created by Ford and its partner SK On called BlueOval SK that will supply batteries for electric Ford and Lincoln cars and trucks. The factories, one in Tennessee and two in Kentucky, will employ 7,500 people and are among the largest such plants being built by auto and battery companies across the country, especially in Southern states.

President Biden aims for half of new cars sold in the United States to be electric by the end of the decade, up from about 7 percent in the first three months of this year. By helping to finance battery factories, the administration hopes to ensure that the United States does not become dependent on China for batteries and their components. The administration also hopes the new plants will help make up for the loss of jobs in conventional auto manufacturing.

One of the factories will be in Stanton, Tenn., north of Memphis, adjacent to a large manufacturing complex that Ford is building to produce electric pickup trucks. The other two factories are in Glendale, Ky., south of Louisville, and will employ more people than Kentucky’s coal industry.

Ford is also spending $3.5 billion to construct a battery factory in Marshall, Mich., that will use technology from Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd., a Chinese company known as or CATL that is the world's largest battery maker. Ford’s deal with CATL, announced in February, drew political blowback from some Republican lawmakers who criticized Ford for working with a company that has close ties to the Chinese government.

Senator Joe Manchin III, a conservative Democrat from West Virginia, also criticized the agreement, which will allow Ford vehicles using CATL technology to qualify for federal tax credits.

BlueOval’s loan will come through the Energy Department’s Loan Programs Office, which has issued more than $35 billion in loans and loan guarantees for more than 30 projects in the last 14 years, according to the department. The office was created to provide loans to experimental and high-impact projects with flexible financing that private lenders will not provide.

“This is a big step in having an automaker bringing the supply chain to the United States so we have more control over our future,” said Doug Lewin, president of Stoic Energy, a consulting firm.

The Energy Department did not disclose terms of the loan, which it said would be finalized once BlueOval met certain conditions and milestones.

Since Mr. Biden was elected, the program has provided financing to nuclear power plants, solar and wind projects and domestic manufacturing of electric vehicle batteries. The loan office was effectively moribund during the Trump administration.

From 2009 to 2011, when Barack Obama was president, the office made $16 billion in clean-energy loans, roughly 90 percent of which went to subsidize power plants. Beneficiaries included financial firms like Goldman Sachs and utilities like Exelon and NRG.

The office came under withering Republican criticism for backing Solyndra, a start-up that received a loan guarantee of more than $500 million in 2009 to develop cutting-edge solar technology but ceased operations in 2011.

Perhaps the loan program’s biggest success was a $465 million loan made to Tesla in 2010 when the electric car company was still struggling to prove itself. The money helped the company produce its Model S sedan at a factory in Fremont, Calif. Tesla repaid the loan early, in 2013, and has in recent years become the world’s most valuable automaker.

In December, the Energy Department lent $2.5 billion to a joint venture between General Motors and LG Energy Solution that will produce electric vehicle batteries at factories in Ohio, Tennessee and Michigan.

In February, the department announced a $2 billion loan to help Redwood Materials expand a manufacturing facility near Reno, Nev., to produce battery materials from new and recycled sources. Redwood is led by a former Tesla executive, J.B. Straubel.

Jack Ewing writes about business from New York, focusing on the auto industry and the transition to electric cars. He spent much of his career in Europe and is the author of “Faster, Higher, Farther,” about the Volkswagen emissions scandal. @JackEwingNYT • Facebook

Clifford Krauss is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy. He has spent much of his career covering foreign affairs and was a winner of the Overseas Press Club Award for international environmental reporting in 2021. @ckrausss

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