The United States pressed Beijing on two fronts this weekend, warning both of the near-term risks of military mishaps and of the looming dangers of a nuclear arms rivalry, prompting a vehement accusation from a Chinese general that Washington was stoking confrontation.

In speeches from President Biden’s national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, on Friday, and Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III on Saturday in Singapore, the Biden administration sought to draw China toward talks on the rising military perils.

Mr. Austin also indicated that the United States would keep operating military ships and planes in international seas and skies near China despite recent close calls with Chinese forces, and also keep providing support to Taiwan, the self-governing island that Beijing sees as its own territory. Both are sore points with China.

“We won’t be deterred by dangerous operational behavior at sea or in international airspace,” Mr. Austin told a gathering of military officials and experts at the Shangri-La Dialogue, an annual meeting in Singapore.

Speaking in Washington, Mr. Sullivan laid out Mr. Biden’s ideas to deal with a world in which “cracks in our post-Cold War nuclear foundation are substantial.” Russia has been making more frequent, though usually vague, threats about tactical nuclear weapons and China is building up its nuclear arsenal. Mr. Sullivan said that the United States was modernizing its own nuclear weapons, but that it would not plunge into a race to build more warheads than Russia and China combined.

“We’re also ready to engage China without preconditions — helping ensure that competition is managed, and that competition does not veer into conflict,” he said.

The tableau of two of Mr. Biden’s most senior officials focusing on the dangers of military rivalry with China illustrated the extent of this geopolitical rift, even as Washington and Beijing reopen discussion on trade and diplomatic issues.

China’s recent economic woes were one factor prompting its top leader, Xi Jinping, to take a milder diplomatic demeanor this year, Orville Schell, director of the Center on U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society in New York, said in a telephone interview. “But I don’t think his underlying assumptions about the hostility of our relationship have shifted,” Mr. Schell said.

Highlighting that tension, the Chinese military delegation at the Singapore meeting called a news conference after Mr. Austin’s speech to take issue with it.

Lt. Gen. Jing Jianfeng from the People’s Liberation Army told reporters that U.S. weapons sales and other support for Taiwan amounted to encouraging independence for the island.

“At the same time that the United States is calling for communications and exchanges, it is also harming China’s interests and concerns,” General Jing said. “The Taiwan issue is a core interest for China, and we will not brook any compromise or concessions.”

Prospects appear distant for any U.S.-China accord on the issues that Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Austin raised — or even for deep discussion of them. China sees itself as the weaker side, and appears to believe that detailed agreements, whether on arms control or regulating military encounters near its shores, would only help the United States perpetuate its dominance. Opacity, in other words, can work in China’s favor.

Beijing is especially angry about increased support for Taiwan, and sees withholding dialogue as a way to warn the United States, said Bonnie Glaser, managing director of the Indo-Pacific Program Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

“They want to get our attention,” she said, adding that Beijing may not see value in reviving military talks. “The Chinese — and this has been true for a long time — are really not interested in risk-reduction measures,” she said, “because they think that by maintaining some level of risk, we will be more cautious.”

The Shangri-La Dialogue has in its two decades of operation become a venue for military officials from Washington and Beijing to rhetorically spar, but also to hold bilateral discussions aimed at lowering tensions. This year, though, the Chinese defense minister, Gen. Li Shangfu, declined to meet Mr. Austin.

The two shook hands during a brief encounter at the forum’s opening dinner on Friday. “A cordial handshake over dinner is no substitute for substantive engagement,” Mr. Austin said in his speech.

He also berated China for what he described as dangerous military maneuvers in international airspace. In late May, a Chinese J-16 jet fighter flew perilously close to a U.S. Air Force RC-135 reconnaissance plane over the South China Sea, according to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command.

Beijing has returned to the table on some issues. China’s commerce minister, Wang Wentao, recently visited the United States, and Mr. Sullivan held talks last month with a senior Chinese diplomat. But the accumulated antagonism between China and the United States over security issues has been harder to overcome.

The Chinese defense minister, General Li, who was appointed to his current position in March and will speak at the forum on Sunday, was put under sanctions by Washington in 2018 over buying Russian fighter jets and a surface-to-air missile system. China has said that penalty is the reason for his refusal to meet Mr. Austin. Pentagon officials say that it should not impede talks, and that avoiding or defusing potential crises is made harder by the Chinese military’s unwillingness to communicate.

Zhao Xiaozhuo, a senior colonel in China’s People’s Liberation Army attending the Singapore forum, said Washington’s calls for “guard rails” about encounters between military aircraft and ships could be used as excuse to legitimize American surveillance of China.

“Crisis management is a good thing,” he said in an interview, speaking in English. But U.S. military ships and planes were often conducting surveillance near the Chinese coast, he said. “The guardrails that the United States prefers, to my understanding, is to legitimize what the United States has done in its provocative behavior toward China.”

The administration’s efforts to draw China into arms control talks seem even less likely to succeed anytime soon.

Chinese officials have refused to discuss agreements limiting their nuclear weapons expansion. China has about 410 nuclear warheads, according to an annual survey by the Federation of American Scientists. The Pentagon estimates that number could grow to 1,000 by 2030, and 1,500 by around 2035, if the current pace were maintained. If Beijing nears that number, Washington’s two biggest nuclear adversaries would have a combined force of close to 3,000 nuclear warheads.

Colonel Zhao, of the Chinese delegation in Singapore, said the U.S. projections of China’s nuclear arsenal had “no basis.” “The number of China’s nuclear warheads, or the quality of China’s nuclear weapons, is far away from that of the United States and that of Russia,” he said, while declining to give his own estimate of its size.

Even if China declines any treaty to cap its total nuclear warheads, agreements on transparency and building mutual trust could help limit the risks from its buildup, said William Alberque, director of strategy, technology and arms control at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a research group.

“Hotline agreements, notifications of launches of missiles — so whenever you’re doing a test or a space launch, notify,” Mr. Alberque said in an interview. “A first step would be: Why don’t you just tell us how many warheads you have?”

Julian E. Barnes and David E. Sanger contributed reporting from Washington.

Chris Buckley is The Times’s chief correspondent in China, where he has lived for most of the past 30 years after growing up in Sydney, Australia. Before joining The Times in 2012, he was a correspondent in Beijing for Reuters. @ChuBailiang

Damien Cave is the bureau chief in Sydney, Australia. He previously reported from Mexico City, Havana, Beirut and Baghdad. Since joining The Times in 2004, he has also been a deputy National editor, Miami bureau chief and a Metro reporter. @damiencave

David Pierson covers Chinese foreign policy and China’s economic and cultural engagement with the world. @dhpierson

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