No denying, 2019 was a Year of Trump. His outsize personality, capricious decision making and tumultuous management style consistently put him center stage. The year’s news was capped by Mr. Trump’s becoming only the third president in history to be impeached by the House of Representatives. Alas, Ukraine and impeachment don’t lend themselves to charts, but much of the rest of Mr. Trump’s eventful year does.
Soaring Output of Rage and Self-Flattery
How the number of Trump tweets multiplied in 2019! The pace of the president’s tweets — invariably his favorite means of communication — accelerated sharply as he came under siege following the release of the Mueller report and the opening of the impeachment investigation. From a comparatively sluggish pace of six tweets a day early in Mr. Trump’s presidency, his Twitter finger became itchier and itchier, and is on track to reach a high of 40 per day just this month. His daily record: 123 — including 58 in a single hour — on Dec. 12, one day before the House voted for impeachment. All told, Mr. Trump’s more than 13,000 presidential tweets include more words than James Joyce wrote in “Ulysses.” More than half of the president’s tweets have been attacks, while about 2,000 have been praise for himself.
Average number of Trump’s
tweets per day, by month
40 TWEETS
DAILY IN DEC.
Dec. 18: Trump is impeached
30
Sept. 18: Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine call released
April 18: Redacted
version of Mueller
report is released
20
10
2017
2018
2019
40
TWEETS
DAILY
IN DEC.
Average number
of Trump’s tweets
per day, by month
Dec. 18: Trump is impeached
30
Sept. 18: Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine call released
April 18: Redacted
version of Mueller
report is released
20
10
2017
2018
2019
Source: Trumptwitterarchive.org; includes tweets and retweets; tally is from Jan. 20, 2017, through Dec. 27.
And the Lies Just Pile Up
Throughout Mr. Trump’s career, veracity has never been his long suit. He has lied routinely almost from the start of the presidency, and — as with his tweets — the pace of his lies has accelerated as his difficulties have mounted. In the month before the midterm elections in 2018, he lied an average of 39 times per day. And almost as much in October of this year when his phone call with the president of Ukraine burst into the news. All told, as of mid-December, he had lied 15,413 times since becoming president, according to the Washington Post Fact Checker. Of particular note are his “Bottomless Pinocchios,” falsehoods that he has repeated at least 20 times. He has earned 30 of those, with one lie — that the economy today is the best in history — having been repeated 242 times.
Number of Trump’s false or misleading
claims per month
October: month before
the midterm elections
Sept. 18:
Ttranscript
of Ukraine
call released
1,000
750
500
261
through
Dec. 10
250
2017
2019
2018
Total for year:
1,999
Total for year:
5,689
Total as of Dec. 10: 7,725
At 261 lies from Dec. 1 to
10, he was on pace for
about 800 for the month.
October: month
before the
midterm elections
Number of Trump’s
false or misleading
claims per month
1,000
Sept. 18:
Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine
call released
750
500
261
through
Dec. 10
250
2017
2019
2018
Total for year:
1,999
Total for year:
5,689
Total for year as of Dec. 10: 7,725
At 261 lies from Dec. 1 to 10, he was
on pace for about 800 for the month.
Source: The Washington Post
Three Years of Trump Disapproval
His appalling conduct in office has earned him the distinction of being the first president in modern history to have never achieved an approval rating above 50 percent in a Gallup poll. That’s particularly remarkable given the reasonably strong performance of the American economy. Interestingly, Mr. Trump’s favorability grade has stayed within a remarkably narrow band, a possible consequence of the deep polarization of the American electorate. Will that challenge him in his re-election bid? The two most recent incumbents approached decision day with approval ratings loitering below 50 percent. But neither had been so unpopular for so long, and all were more popular on Election Day than Mr. Trump is now.
Presidential approval ratings through
first three years in office
Clinton
Bush II
Obama
Trump
75%
50
Avg.: 48
Avg.: 66
Avg.: 50
Avg.: 40
25
1994
’96
2002
’04
’10
’12
’18
’20
Presidential approval ratings through first three years in office
Clinton
Bush II
Obama
Trump
75%
50
Average: 48
Average: 66
Average: 50
Average: 40
25
1994
’96
2002
’04
’10
’12
’18
’20
Source: Gallup; Trump approval through Dec. 15
Tariffs Take Their Toll
As the 2020 election came into view, Mr. Trump appeared to be trying to wind down his trade war. He accepted changes demanded by House Democrats to win passage of his new agreement with Mexico and Canada. He announced a “phase 1” deal with China that allowed him to back off a threat to impose still more tariffs. And he retreated from a threat to add tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Brazil. But much damage was done to consumers. Since the trade war started in early 2018, the prices of tariff-related goods rose by 3 percent, while the prices of other goods (excluding food and energy) have been unchanged.
Core goods consumer price index
TARIFFS
IN EFFECT
103
Tariff-
related
goods
102
101
FEB. 2018 = 100
Core
goods
excluding
tariffs
99
98
2016
’17
’18
’19
Core goods consumer price index
TARIFFS IN EFFECT
103
Tariff-related goods
102
101
Core goods
excluding tariffs
FEB. 2018 = 100
99
98
2016
’17
’18
’19
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Core goods excludes food and energy; tariff-related goods prices includes laundry equipment and other appliances, furniture and bedding, housekeeping supplies, window and floor coverings, auto parts and bicycles.
Welcome to the Manufacturing Recession
Consumers are not the only group to have been hurt by the trade war; the manufacturing sector was pushed into recession. The Institute for Supply Management manufacturing index has now been below 50 (the neutral level) for four months, in large part because of slowing global trade. That has dented business confidence and for a time seemed likely to drag down the broader economy. While those fears have ebbed, the number of factory jobs is barely growing and has contracted in some of the key 2020 swing states. Through November, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania had lost manufacturing jobs this year.
The I.S.M. Index: A key indicator
of manufacturing activity
STEEL AND
ALUMINUM
TARIFFS IN
EFFECT
60
55
EXPANSION
50
CONTRACTION
48.1
45
40
35
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
The I.S.M. Index: A key indicator
of manufacturing activity
STEEL AND ALUMINUM
TARIFFS IN EFFECT
60
55
EXPANSION
50
48.1
CONTRACTION
45
40
35
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Institute for Supply Management
Business Leaders Are Not Happy
Interestingly, while consumer confidence remained strong in the face of the trade war and the resulting economic slowdown, business confidence was shaken. After rising with Mr. Trump’s election, optimism among chief executives peaked early in his tenure and has dropped by 50 percent since then. That has had noticeable economic consequences: Investment, which grew smartly following the Trump tax cuts, began to slow and even turned negative in the second and third quarters of this year. With that slippage, investment has now grown more slowly under President Trump than it did under President Barack Obama after the recession hit bottom.
Percent change
in confidence
since 2015
TRUMP IN OFFICE
Consumer
confidence
+20%
0
–20%
C.E.O. confidence
–40%
2016
2017
2018
2019
Percent change in
confidence since 2015
TRUMP IN OFFICE
Consumer confidence
+20%
0
–20%
C.E.O. confidence
–40%
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Conference Board; C.E.O. figures reported through third quarter; consumer figures are October and November average.
Still Not Besting Obama in Job Growth
The Great American Jobs Machine marched on in 2019, with an average of 180,000 jobs a month added (through November). And the unemployment rate dropped to 3.5 percent, the lowest since December 1969. But a few inconvenient facts lie behind those shiny statistics. For one thing, average monthly job growth during Mr. Trump’s 34 months in office (193,000) was less than the 227,000 jobs added monthly during the last 34 months of Mr. Obama’s tenure. For another, job growth was materially slower this year in Ohio and Michigan than it was nationally, and in three others — Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Minnesota — the unemployment rate also rose. A key question: Will these heavily trade-war-related trends reverse before the presidential election?
Monthly job growth: Obama’s last 34 months
vs. Trump’s first 34 months (in thousands)
OBAMA
MONTHLY
AVERAGE:
227
300
TRUMP:
193
200
100
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Monthly job growth: Obama’s last 34 months vs. Trump’s first 34 months (in thousands)
OBAMA
MONTHLY
AVERAGE:
227
300
TRUMP:
193
200
100
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Remaking the Courts With McConnell
One of Mr. Trump’s most significant and lasting “accomplishments” may be one of his least noticed ones: transforming the federal judiciary. That was made possible by the Senate majority leader, Mitch McConnell, who refused to confirm many of Mr. Obama’s late appointments, changed the threshold for confirmation to 51 votes (thereby eliminating filibusters) and reduced the time allowed to debate each nominee to speed the process. The consequence: 187 judicial confirmations, the most of any president since before Ronald Reagan. Of particular significance were Mr. Trump’s 50 appointments to the appellate courts; 28 percent of all of those judges — the last stop before the Supreme Court — have been appointed by Mr. Trump.
Court appointments as of Dec. 20
of each president’s third year in office
APPELLATE
COURTS
ALL OTHER
COURTS
TOTAL
50
137
Trump
187
30
139
Bush II
169
28
138
Clinton
166
31
97
Bush I
128
25
99
Obama
124
23
99
Reagan
122
Court appointments as of Dec. 20 of each president’s third year in office
TOTAL
APPELLATE COURTS
ALL OTHER COURTS
Trump
187
50
137
Bush II
169
30
139
Clinton
166
28
138
Bush I
128
31
97
Obama
124
25
99
Reagan
122
23
99
Source: Heritage Foundation
The Wall That Isn’t
No, the border wall is not being built. Out of the 1,954-mile-long border wall with Mexico, Mr. Trump has replaced only 96 miles of existing barriers with sturdier ones and has started building just eight miles of entirely new wall, only 32 feetof which have been completed. At best, the administration hopes to complete 165 miles of truly new wall next year. So unhappy was Mr. Trump at this lack of progress that in November, he turned over responsibility for building the wall to his son-in-law, Jared Kushner. Nonetheless, Mr. Trump has falsely claimed 235 times that “the wall is being built.”
The southern border and its barriers, in miles
1,954
Length of U.S.-Mexico border
654
Existing
barriers
96
Replacement installed
1,000
8
New wall started
Length of Trump’s
proposed wall
The southern border and its barriers, in miles
1,954
Length of U.S.-Mexico border
654
Existing barriers
96
Replacement installed
8
1,000
Length of Trump’s proposed wall
New wall started
Sources: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; New York Times reporting
Harrowing Rise in the Deficit
The party that used to pride itself on fiscal responsibility (the Republicans) has thoroughly become the party of fiscal irresponsibility (aided and abetted at times by the Democrats). Mr. Trump’s signature tax cut in 2017 added $3.1 trillion to the deficit over a decade, assuming extension of all provisions. This year he acquiesced to two budget deals — laced with extraneous spending and special-interest tax breaks — that will add another $2.2 trillion to the deficit over the decade. All told, measures passed under Mr. Trump’s watch caused the annual deficit to more than double; it will exceed $1 trillion in the current fiscal year.
Deficits absent
the new laws
Added to deficits
by new laws (in billions)
2017
tax law
2018
budget
deal
Other
laws
2019
$428 billion
228
188
140
Total deficit: $984
Two 2019
budget deals
2020
$473 billion
272
81
138
85
$1.05 trillion
292
35
165
71
2021
$504 billion
$1.07 trillion
Deficits absent the new laws
Added to deficits by new laws (in billions)
2017
tax law
2018
budget deal
Other
laws
Total
deficits
2019
$428 billion
$984
228
188
140
Two 2019
budget deals
$1.05
trillion
2020
$473 billion
272
81
138
85
$1.07
trillion
2021
$504 billion
292
35
165
71
Sources: Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget; Congressional Budget Office. Fiscal years; other laws include legislation passed in 2015 and later.
Graphics by Bill Marsh.
Steven Rattner, a contributing opinion writer, is chairman and chief executive of Willett Advisors LLC, which invests the personal and philanthropic assets of Michael R. Bloomberg. He was a counselor to the Treasury secretary in the Obama administration. For latest updates and posts, please visit stevenrattner.com and follow me on Twitter (@SteveRattner) and Facebook.
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Home » Analysis & Comment » Opinion | The Year in Charts
Opinion | The Year in Charts
No denying, 2019 was a Year of Trump. His outsize personality, capricious decision making and tumultuous management style consistently put him center stage. The year’s news was capped by Mr. Trump’s becoming only the third president in history to be impeached by the House of Representatives. Alas, Ukraine and impeachment don’t lend themselves to charts, but much of the rest of Mr. Trump’s eventful year does.
Soaring Output of Rage and Self-Flattery
How the number of Trump tweets multiplied in 2019! The pace of the president’s tweets — invariably his favorite means of communication — accelerated sharply as he came under siege following the release of the Mueller report and the opening of the impeachment investigation. From a comparatively sluggish pace of six tweets a day early in Mr. Trump’s presidency, his Twitter finger became itchier and itchier, and is on track to reach a high of 40 per day just this month. His daily record: 123 — including 58 in a single hour — on Dec. 12, one day before the House voted for impeachment. All told, Mr. Trump’s more than 13,000 presidential tweets include more words than James Joyce wrote in “Ulysses.” More than half of the president’s tweets have been attacks, while about 2,000 have been praise for himself.
Average number of Trump’s
tweets per day, by month
40 TWEETS
DAILY IN DEC.
Dec. 18: Trump is impeached
30
Sept. 18: Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine call released
April 18: Redacted
version of Mueller
report is released
20
10
2017
2018
2019
40
TWEETS
DAILY
IN DEC.
Average number
of Trump’s tweets
per day, by month
Dec. 18: Trump is impeached
30
Sept. 18: Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine call released
April 18: Redacted
version of Mueller
report is released
20
10
2017
2018
2019
Source: Trumptwitterarchive.org; includes tweets and retweets; tally is from Jan. 20, 2017, through Dec. 27.
And the Lies Just Pile Up
Throughout Mr. Trump’s career, veracity has never been his long suit. He has lied routinely almost from the start of the presidency, and — as with his tweets — the pace of his lies has accelerated as his difficulties have mounted. In the month before the midterm elections in 2018, he lied an average of 39 times per day. And almost as much in October of this year when his phone call with the president of Ukraine burst into the news. All told, as of mid-December, he had lied 15,413 times since becoming president, according to the Washington Post Fact Checker. Of particular note are his “Bottomless Pinocchios,” falsehoods that he has repeated at least 20 times. He has earned 30 of those, with one lie — that the economy today is the best in history — having been repeated 242 times.
Number of Trump’s false or misleading
claims per month
October: month before
the midterm elections
Sept. 18:
Ttranscript
of Ukraine
call released
1,000
750
500
261
through
Dec. 10
250
2017
2019
2018
Total for year:
1,999
Total for year:
5,689
Total as of Dec. 10: 7,725
At 261 lies from Dec. 1 to
10, he was on pace for
about 800 for the month.
October: month
before the
midterm elections
Number of Trump’s
false or misleading
claims per month
1,000
Sept. 18:
Partial transcript
of Trump Ukraine
call released
750
500
261
through
Dec. 10
250
2017
2019
2018
Total for year:
1,999
Total for year:
5,689
Total for year as of Dec. 10: 7,725
At 261 lies from Dec. 1 to 10, he was
on pace for about 800 for the month.
Source: The Washington Post
Three Years of Trump Disapproval
His appalling conduct in office has earned him the distinction of being the first president in modern history to have never achieved an approval rating above 50 percent in a Gallup poll. That’s particularly remarkable given the reasonably strong performance of the American economy. Interestingly, Mr. Trump’s favorability grade has stayed within a remarkably narrow band, a possible consequence of the deep polarization of the American electorate. Will that challenge him in his re-election bid? The two most recent incumbents approached decision day with approval ratings loitering below 50 percent. But neither had been so unpopular for so long, and all were more popular on Election Day than Mr. Trump is now.
Presidential approval ratings through
first three years in office
Clinton
Bush II
Obama
Trump
75%
50
Avg.: 48
Avg.: 66
Avg.: 50
Avg.: 40
25
1994
’96
2002
’04
’10
’12
’18
’20
Presidential approval ratings through first three years in office
Clinton
Bush II
Obama
Trump
75%
50
Average: 48
Average: 66
Average: 50
Average: 40
25
1994
’96
2002
’04
’10
’12
’18
’20
Source: Gallup; Trump approval through Dec. 15
Tariffs Take Their Toll
As the 2020 election came into view, Mr. Trump appeared to be trying to wind down his trade war. He accepted changes demanded by House Democrats to win passage of his new agreement with Mexico and Canada. He announced a “phase 1” deal with China that allowed him to back off a threat to impose still more tariffs. And he retreated from a threat to add tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from Brazil. But much damage was done to consumers. Since the trade war started in early 2018, the prices of tariff-related goods rose by 3 percent, while the prices of other goods (excluding food and energy) have been unchanged.
Core goods consumer price index
TARIFFS
IN EFFECT
103
Tariff-
related
goods
102
101
FEB. 2018 = 100
Core
goods
excluding
tariffs
99
98
2016
’17
’18
’19
Core goods consumer price index
TARIFFS IN EFFECT
103
Tariff-related goods
102
101
Core goods
excluding tariffs
FEB. 2018 = 100
99
98
2016
’17
’18
’19
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Core goods excludes food and energy; tariff-related goods prices includes laundry equipment and other appliances, furniture and bedding, housekeeping supplies, window and floor coverings, auto parts and bicycles.
Welcome to the Manufacturing Recession
Consumers are not the only group to have been hurt by the trade war; the manufacturing sector was pushed into recession. The Institute for Supply Management manufacturing index has now been below 50 (the neutral level) for four months, in large part because of slowing global trade. That has dented business confidence and for a time seemed likely to drag down the broader economy. While those fears have ebbed, the number of factory jobs is barely growing and has contracted in some of the key 2020 swing states. Through November, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania had lost manufacturing jobs this year.
The I.S.M. Index: A key indicator
of manufacturing activity
STEEL AND
ALUMINUM
TARIFFS IN
EFFECT
60
55
EXPANSION
50
CONTRACTION
48.1
45
40
35
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
The I.S.M. Index: A key indicator
of manufacturing activity
STEEL AND ALUMINUM
TARIFFS IN EFFECT
60
55
EXPANSION
50
48.1
CONTRACTION
45
40
35
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Institute for Supply Management
Business Leaders Are Not Happy
Interestingly, while consumer confidence remained strong in the face of the trade war and the resulting economic slowdown, business confidence was shaken. After rising with Mr. Trump’s election, optimism among chief executives peaked early in his tenure and has dropped by 50 percent since then. That has had noticeable economic consequences: Investment, which grew smartly following the Trump tax cuts, began to slow and even turned negative in the second and third quarters of this year. With that slippage, investment has now grown more slowly under President Trump than it did under President Barack Obama after the recession hit bottom.
Percent change
in confidence
since 2015
TRUMP IN OFFICE
Consumer
confidence
+20%
0
–20%
C.E.O. confidence
–40%
2016
2017
2018
2019
Percent change in
confidence since 2015
TRUMP IN OFFICE
Consumer confidence
+20%
0
–20%
C.E.O. confidence
–40%
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Conference Board; C.E.O. figures reported through third quarter; consumer figures are October and November average.
Still Not Besting Obama in Job Growth
The Great American Jobs Machine marched on in 2019, with an average of 180,000 jobs a month added (through November). And the unemployment rate dropped to 3.5 percent, the lowest since December 1969. But a few inconvenient facts lie behind those shiny statistics. For one thing, average monthly job growth during Mr. Trump’s 34 months in office (193,000) was less than the 227,000 jobs added monthly during the last 34 months of Mr. Obama’s tenure. For another, job growth was materially slower this year in Ohio and Michigan than it was nationally, and in three others — Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Minnesota — the unemployment rate also rose. A key question: Will these heavily trade-war-related trends reverse before the presidential election?
Monthly job growth: Obama’s last 34 months
vs. Trump’s first 34 months (in thousands)
OBAMA
MONTHLY
AVERAGE:
227
300
TRUMP:
193
200
100
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Monthly job growth: Obama’s last 34 months vs. Trump’s first 34 months (in thousands)
OBAMA
MONTHLY
AVERAGE:
227
300
TRUMP:
193
200
100
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Remaking the Courts With McConnell
One of Mr. Trump’s most significant and lasting “accomplishments” may be one of his least noticed ones: transforming the federal judiciary. That was made possible by the Senate majority leader, Mitch McConnell, who refused to confirm many of Mr. Obama’s late appointments, changed the threshold for confirmation to 51 votes (thereby eliminating filibusters) and reduced the time allowed to debate each nominee to speed the process. The consequence: 187 judicial confirmations, the most of any president since before Ronald Reagan. Of particular significance were Mr. Trump’s 50 appointments to the appellate courts; 28 percent of all of those judges — the last stop before the Supreme Court — have been appointed by Mr. Trump.
Court appointments as of Dec. 20
of each president’s third year in office
APPELLATE
COURTS
ALL OTHER
COURTS
TOTAL
50
137
Trump
187
30
139
Bush II
169
28
138
Clinton
166
31
97
Bush I
128
25
99
Obama
124
23
99
Reagan
122
Court appointments as of Dec. 20 of each president’s third year in office
TOTAL
APPELLATE COURTS
ALL OTHER COURTS
Trump
187
50
137
Bush II
169
30
139
Clinton
166
28
138
Bush I
128
31
97
Obama
124
25
99
Reagan
122
23
99
Source: Heritage Foundation
The Wall That Isn’t
No, the border wall is not being built. Out of the 1,954-mile-long border wall with Mexico, Mr. Trump has replaced only 96 miles of existing barriers with sturdier ones and has started building just eight miles of entirely new wall, only 32 feet of which have been completed. At best, the administration hopes to complete 165 miles of truly new wall next year. So unhappy was Mr. Trump at this lack of progress that in November, he turned over responsibility for building the wall to his son-in-law, Jared Kushner. Nonetheless, Mr. Trump has falsely claimed 235 times that “the wall is being built.”
The southern border and its barriers, in miles
1,954
Length of U.S.-Mexico border
654
Existing
barriers
96
Replacement installed
1,000
8
New wall started
Length of Trump’s
proposed wall
The southern border and its barriers, in miles
1,954
Length of U.S.-Mexico border
654
Existing barriers
96
Replacement installed
8
1,000
Length of Trump’s proposed wall
New wall started
Sources: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; New York Times reporting
Harrowing Rise in the Deficit
The party that used to pride itself on fiscal responsibility (the Republicans) has thoroughly become the party of fiscal irresponsibility (aided and abetted at times by the Democrats). Mr. Trump’s signature tax cut in 2017 added $3.1 trillion to the deficit over a decade, assuming extension of all provisions. This year he acquiesced to two budget deals — laced with extraneous spending and special-interest tax breaks — that will add another $2.2 trillion to the deficit over the decade. All told, measures passed under Mr. Trump’s watch caused the annual deficit to more than double; it will exceed $1 trillion in the current fiscal year.
Deficits absent
the new laws
Added to deficits
by new laws (in billions)
2017
tax law
2018
budget
deal
Other
laws
2019
$428 billion
228
188
140
Total deficit: $984
Two 2019
budget deals
2020
$473 billion
272
81
138
85
$1.05 trillion
292
35
165
71
2021
$504 billion
$1.07 trillion
Deficits absent the new laws
Added to deficits by new laws (in billions)
2017
tax law
2018
budget deal
Other
laws
Total
deficits
2019
$428 billion
$984
228
188
140
Two 2019
budget deals
$1.05
trillion
2020
$473 billion
272
81
138
85
$1.07
trillion
2021
$504 billion
292
35
165
71
Sources: Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget; Congressional Budget Office. Fiscal years; other laws include legislation passed in 2015 and later.
Graphics by Bill Marsh.
Steven Rattner, a contributing opinion writer, is chairman and chief executive of Willett Advisors LLC, which invests the personal and philanthropic assets of Michael R. Bloomberg. He was a counselor to the Treasury secretary in the Obama administration. For latest updates and posts, please visit stevenrattner.com and follow me on Twitter (@SteveRattner) and Facebook.
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