Earlier this week, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was admitted to hospital. Why did the news send many Americans into a tizzy?

On Wednesday evening, Justice Ginsburg fell in her office at the US Supreme Court and went to the hospital, where doctors discovered she had fractured three ribs. The reaction from the liberal corners of social media was an instantaneous mixture of well-wishes and barely-suppressed horror.

“#RuthBaderGinsburg DON’T YOU DARE DIE WE NEED YOU!” wrote one.

“I hereby donate all of my ribs and organs to Ruth Bader Ginsburg,” wrote Lauren Duca, a columnist for Teen Vogue.

That evening, late night television host Jimmy Kimmel introduced the “Ruth Bader Gins-bubble” on his programme, saying the 85-year-old needed to be “protected at all costs” as a Ginsburg stand-in rolled on stage encased in a gigantic plastic bubble.

Although Ginsburg returned home on Friday, anxiety surrounding the health of the oldest sitting justice will surely continue. If Ginsburg were to retire or become too ill to serve, President Donald Trump would be able to cement the court’s conservative majority with the appointment of his third justice, after Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh.

Beyond that, the outpouring of concern can be credited to the fact that for liberals, Ginsburg has become a bona fide icon. She’s the subject of a new biopic On the Basis of Sex, a documentary, and a bestselling book called Notorious RBG, which re-introduced her to a generation of millennial women. It’s now possible to purchase T-shirts and coffee mugs with her likeness on them.

On Halloween, scores of miniature Ginsburgs waving tiny gavels filled social media:

Happy Halloween from all these RBG’s! #RBGMovie #HappyHalloween pic.twitter.com/HXI2TIELg9

End of Twitter post by @RBGmovie

“I think people of all ages are excited to see a woman in public life who has shown that, even at the age of 85, she can be unflinching in her commitment to equality and justice,” says Irin Carmon, one of the co-authors of Notorious RBG. “We don’t have enough figures like her.”

Famous for her diminutive stature, serious demeanour and long pauses – she is said to have no tolerance for small talk – how did Ruth Bader Ginsburg go from celebrated legal scholar to full-blown celebrity?

A pay cut for being pregnant

Joan Ruth Bader was born in the Flatbush neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York, in 1933, the daughter of Jewish immigrants. Joan Ruth’s mother died of cancer when her daughter was just 17.

After graduating from Cornell University in 1954, she married Marty Ginsburg and not long after, the couple had their first child. While Ginsburg was pregnant, she was demoted at her job at a social security office – discrimination against pregnant women was still legal in the 1950s. The experience lead her to conceal her second pregnancy years later.

In 1956, she became one of nine women to enrol at Harvard Law School, where the dean famously compelled his female students to tell him how they could justify taking the spot of a man in his school. She later transferred to Columbia Law School in New York, and became the first woman to work at both schools’ law reviews.

Despite that, Ginsburg struggled to find work, even though she’d been at the top of her class.

“Not a law firm in the entire city of New York would employ me,” she once said. “I struck out on three grounds: I was Jewish, a woman and a mother.”

Playing ‘kindergarten teacher’ to all-male justices

She became a professor at Rutgers Law School in 1963, where she taught some of the first women and law classes, and co-founded the Women’s Rights Project at the American Civil Liberties Union. In 1973, she became the ACLU’s general counsel, which kicked off a prolific era of arguing gender discrimination cases, six of which brought her before the US Supreme Court.

She argued on behalf of a female Air Force lieutenant who was denied a housing benefit for her husband that her male colleagues received for their wives. She also took men’s cases. In 1975, she argued the case of a young widower who was denied benefits after his wife died in childbirth.

“His case was a the perfect example of how gender-based discrimination hurts everyone,” Ginsburg said years later, at her confirmation hearing.

She won five out of the six cases she argued before the Supreme Court, a time when she says she felt she had to explain gender discrimination to the all-male justices like “a kindergarten teacher”.

It was also during this time that she argued on behalf of an female Air Force captain who’d become pregnant, and was being told to abort the baby or lose her job. Ginsburg hoped that the case would make reproductive autonomy a constitutionally-protected right, but instead, the Air Force changed its policy and the case was dismissed.

The next year, Roe v Wade decided the question of abortion, and Ginsburg fretted that since the decision hinged on right to privacy instead of equal protection, it was open to legal attack.

“The Court ventured too far in the change it ordered and presented an incomplete justification for its action,” she said in a 1984 lecture.

The second woman on Supreme Court

In 1980, as a part of President Jimmy Carter’s efforts to diversify the nation’s federal courts, Ginsburg was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. She gained a reputation as a centrist, voting with conservatives many times and against, for example, hearing the discrimination case of a sailor who said he’d been discharged from the Navy for being gay.

President Bill Clinton nominated her to the Supreme Court in 1993, after a protracted search process in which some feminist groups, according to the New Yorker, spoke privately against her over her past remarks on Roe. But Clinton eventually made up his mind, making Ginsburg the second woman ever nominated to the US Supreme Court.

“It was her interview that did it,” Clinton says in the 2018 documentary, RBG. “Literally within 15 minutes, I decided I was gonna name her.”

During her confirmation hearing, Ginsburg proclaimed staunch pro-choice views.

“It is essential to woman’s equality with man that she be the decision maker,” she said in the hearing before Congress. “If you impose restraints that impede her choice, you are disadvantaging her because of her sex.”

The fiery dissenter

One of her most important, early cases on the Supreme Court was United States v Virginia, which struck down the men-only admission policy at Virginia Military Institute. Writing for the majority, Ginsburg said that no law or policy should deny women “full citizenship stature – equal opportunity to aspire, achieve, participate in and contribute to society based on their individual talents and capacities”.

“It really was the last step in her own trajectory as a lawyer in trying to get the Supreme Court to recognise that gender classifications are a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment,” says Paul Schiff Berman, professor of law at George Washington University and one of Ginsburg’s law clerks in the late ’90s.

Over the decades, as the court has become more conservative, Ginsburg has increasingly moved to the left, and is now famous for her fiery dissents.

In the case of Shelby County v Holder, the court struck down a portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by a 5-to-4 vote, eliminating federal preclearance for changes to local voting laws – a provision intended to prevent voter suppression.

In response to the majority’s assertion that America had changed so much for the better that the preclearance was no longer needed, Ginsburg wrote in her dissent that this was “like throwing away your umbrella in a rainstorm because you are not getting wet”.

From justice to icon

In part thanks to her unsparing dissents, a young law student named Shana Knizhnik created a Tumblr account dedicated to Ginsburg called Notorious RBG – a reference to the late rapper The Notorious BIG. The account reintroduced Ginsburg to a new generation of young feminists, and became so popular that Knizhnik and her co-author Carmon turned the blog into a book of the same name, which became a bestseller.

Notorious RBG helped propel Ginsburg into pop culture stardom. Actress Kate McKinnon began playing Ginsburg on Saturday Night Live. The justice herself is said to distribute T-shirts with her own likeness on them.

“I think that it’s actually something that Justice Ginsburg has really enjoyed in these last few years,” says Berman, her former clerk. “For her to feel as if her legacy can inspire a new generation of young women in particular, I think, is very exciting to her.”

As a part of her new pop culture relevance, all aspects of Ginsburg’s life have become the subject of internet fascination – her workout routine, for example, has been attempted by comedian Stephen Colbert. She’s been lauded as a fashion icon, from her penchant for lace gloves to her elaborate jabots, the collars she wears over her robes. Her famous “dissent collar” has been reproduced in miniature for necklaces.

Her marriage to husband Marty is central to the new biopic, On the Basis of Sex. Marty Ginsburg died in 2010 – during the course of their 56-year marriage, he became his wife’s greatest advocate, happy to play second fiddle to his famous partner.

“Meeting Marty was by far the most fortunate thing that ever happened to me,” Ginsburg says in the documentary RBG.

Ginsburg is a famously stoic woman, but she adores the opera, a passion she shared with the late conservative Justice Antonin Scalia, who despite being her ideological opposite was a close friend before he died in 2016.

“I get totally carried away,” she says of opera in the documentary. “It’s like an electric current going through me.”

But the justice is not immune from criticism – or from error. During the 2016 election, she called then-candidate Donald Trump a “faker”, and said she could not imagine a world with him as president.

“He says whatever comes into his head at the moment. He really has an ego,” she told CNN.

Afterward she was criticised by both the right and left, who said her comments could undermine her impartiality and the authority of the court. She ultimately apologised.

Why she refuses to retire

During President Barack Obama’s two terms in office, some liberal pundits wondered loudly if it wasn’t time for Ginsburg to retire, with a Democrat in office who could be relied upon to install another liberal justice. Those calls have been dismissed by Ginsburg, with some irritation on her part.

“Many people have asked me, ‘Well, when are you going to step down?'” she said in an interview this year. “As long as I can do the job full steam, I will be here.”

Carmon is quick to point out that this is not the first time Ginsburg has broken her ribs, and that while she has survived two battles with cancer, and had a stent placed in her heart in 2014, she has never missed a day of arguments.

“Each time she’s returned with just as much determination and resilience,” says Carmon. “She has been at this work for at least a half-century, and she’s not done yet.”

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