By Becca Foley

Normally, when jurors are weighing the guilt or innocence of a defendant, they will not hear much about the victim’s life. Most states view that kind of testimony irrelevant or prejudicial. Minnesota is different, thanks to a 1985 case where the victim was a police officer.

In that case, a man who had escaped from federal custody led Officer Bruce Russell on a high speed car chase. When the man, George Graham, finally skidded into a ditch, Officer Russell approached and was shot in the chest.

Officer Russell died almost immediately, but Mr. Graham escaped. He was caught hours later and was charged with first-degree murder and other crimes.

Officer Russell was 28 and was approaching his one-year anniversary on the force when he was killed. He was a husband and father.

In the opening statement of Mr. Graham’s trial, the prosecutor broke down in tears as he discussed emotional details of the victim’s personal life. He was so overcome that in the middle of his statement, he requested a recess to collect himself.

The defense objected to the addition of these personal details, saying the prosecution was invoking the sympathy of the jury.

The trial ruled that the prosecution could present the victim as a human being, as long as it did not become character evidence or invoke undue sympathy. The ruling stated that the testimony was allowed because “the victim was not just bones and sinews covered with flesh but was imbued with the spark of life” — and thus Minnesota’s spark-of-life doctrine was born.

Mr. Graham was sentenced to life in prison.

In the trial of Derek Chauvin, George Floyd’s brother, Philonise Floyd, is expected to be the main spark-of-life witness and will show pictures of him when he was younger and discuss his close relationship with his mother.

Part of the testimony of Mr. Floyd’s girlfriend, Courteney Ross, on April 1 also fell under the spark-of-life doctrine. Through tears, she described how they met at the Salvation Army, when she was visiting her son’s father and Mr. Floyd was staying there.

Ms. Ross said the two of them liked to explore the city, pray together or go out to eat. “It was an adventure, always,” she said.

She described Mr. Floyd’s close relationship with his mother, and how devastated he was when she died. “He didn’t have the same kind of bounce,” Ms. Ross said. “It’s so hard to lose a parent that you love like that.”

At a pretrial hearing, Matthew Frank, a prosecutor, explained the importance of the inclusion of spark-of-life witnesses: “This puts some, you know, personal nature back into the case for somebody who’s treated so impersonally, unfortunately, by the system.”

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