US infrastructure Bill provides urgent money to adapt to climate change
WASHINGTON (NYTIMES) – The bipartisan infrastructure deal struck this week provides new money for climate resilience unmatched in United States history: Tens of billions of dollars to protect against floods, reduce damage from wildfires, develop new sources of drinking water in areas plagued by drought and even relocate entire communities away from vulnerable places.
But the Bill is remarkable for another reason. For the first time, both parties have acknowledged – by their actions, if not their words – that the US is unprepared for the worsening effects of climate change and requires an enormous and urgent infusion of money and effort to get ready.
“It’s difficult to oppose solutions to crises that your constituents are suffering through,” said Dr Shalini Vajjhala, a former Obama administration official who now advises cities on preparing for climate threats. As those threats become more frequent and widespread, “the constituency for climate resilience is now everybody”.
When it comes to addressing the consequences of a warming planet, no amount of money appears to be too much, and bipartisan consensus is easy to find. Agreement between Republicans and Democrats to reduce the emissions that are causing the planet to warm is more elusive, as Republicans are largely resistant to limiting the use of fossil fuels, such as oil, petrol and coal.
As a result, Democrats in Congress and the Joe Biden administration are aiming to fold more aggressive climate action into a separate budget Bill, which Democrats hope to pass even without Republican votes.
The infrastructure Bill, which could pass the Senate this week, still faces uncertainty in the House, where progressives oppose provisions to fund natural gas and nuclear plants, among other things. But money to protect communities from sea-level rise and extreme weather has few opponents.
“The climate crisis impacts both red states and blue states alike,” Democratic Senator Tom Carper, chairman of the environment and public works committee, said in a statement. Many of his Republican colleagues, he added, “have seen first-hand how calamitous the consequences can be if we fail to invest in resilience”.
The Bill would also fundamentally transform the country’s approach to preparing for climate change.
Until recently, federal disaster policy has focused on spending money after a storm, wildfire or other calamity to rebuild what was lost.
But a series of hugely destructive events – including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in 2017, record-breaking wildfires in California, this year’s winter storm in Texas and the drought now gripping the West – has challenged that logic, demonstrating the need to better protect homes, neighbourhoods and facilities before disasters happen.
The infrastructure Bill reflects that change in different ways. Some of the money would supercharge programmes that already exist, but which experts say are not at the scale to meet the growing threat.
For example, the Army Corps of Engineers would get an additional US$11.6 billion (S$15.7 billion) in construction funds for projects like flood control and river dredging. That is more than four times the amount Congress gave the Corps last year for construction.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema) has its own programme to reduce the damage from flooding by buying or elevating homes at risk from floods. That programme would see its annual budget more than triple to US$700 million.
Some of that money is designated for home owners in areas considered especially vulnerable because of socio-economic factors, including being home to racial minorities. Fema has faced criticism for providing less money to black disaster survivors than to white survivors, even when they suffer similar losses.
“That’s a game changer,” Mr Rob Moore, a senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defence Council, said of the provision to focus on vulnerable neighbourhoods.
Fema would also get an extra US$1 billion for a grant programme to protect communities against all types of disasters, and another US$733 million to make dams safer.
Other programmes would see even more dramatic increases. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would get almost US$100 million a year to help restore coastal habitats and protect coastal communities – five times what the programme currently spends.
The Bureau of Reclamation, which manages water supplies in the West, now gets US$20 million a year from Congress for desalination projects, which remove minerals and salts from seawater to create freshwater, and another US$65 million for water recycling. Those numbers would skyrocket: The Bill includes US$250 million for desalination over five years, and US$1 billion on water recycling and reuse, the process of treating wastewater to make it available for new uses such as irrigation.
Other funding in the legislation would be directed towards new programmes.
The Bill would give the Department of Agriculture US$500 million for what it calls “wildfire defence grants to at-risk communities” – money that could help people make changes to their homes or landscape, for example, to make them less vulnerable to fires.
“It’s a great first step,” said Dr Kimiko Barrett, a researcher and policy analyst at Headwaters Economics, a wildfire policy consulting non-profit in Montana. “We need to start looking at creating communities adapted to living with this increasing risk.”
Other programmes would involve not just fortifying homes and facilities against disasters, but also moving them out of harm’s way.
The Department of Transportation would get almost US$9 billion for a programme designed to help states prepare highways for the effects of climate change – including relocating roads out of flood-prone areas. The Environmental Protection Agency would pay for communities to move drinking water pipelines and treatment facilities at risk from flooding or other extreme weather.
Funding in the legislation would be available to move entire communities. The Bill would provide US$216 million to the Bureau of Indian Affairs for climate resilience and adaptation for tribal nations, which have been disproportionately hurt by climate change. More than half of that money, US$130 million, would go towards “community relocation” – helping indigenous Americans leave dangerous areas.
“The impacts and costs are so great, it’s just impossible to ignore anymore,” said Mr Forbes Tompkins, who runs the flood-prepared communities programme at Pew Charitable Trusts. “We might look back and say, this was the moment, this was the year, that made resilience a national priority.”
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