WASHINGTON (NYTIMES) – The new head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned Tuesday (Oct 8) that America’s trade war with China could cost the global economy around US$700 billion (S$967.82 billion) by 2020 – a loss equivalent to the size of Switzerland’s entire economy.

In her first speech as managing director, Ms Kristalina Georgieva said the global economy had shifted from a synchronised upswing two years ago to a synchronised slowdown, weighed down in part by the pain of US President Donald Trump’s trade war.

The fund will be downgrading its projections for global growth in 2019 and 2020 next week, when it releases new projections of the economic losses related to the trade war between the United States and China.

“We have spoken in the past about the dangers of trade disputes,” Ms Georgieva said. “Now, we see that they are actually taking a toll.”

The warning comes at a potential turning point in the trade conflict between the world’s two largest economies.

US and Chinese negotiators are meeting in Washington this week to try to resolve a trade war that has begun to inflict economic pain in both countries. Negotiators are hoping to reach an agreement that would improve some of the Chinese economic practices the Trump administration has complained about and potentially roll back some of the tariffs Mr Trump has placed on more than US$360 billion of Chinese goods.

The stakes for some type of resolution are high. The United States is poised to raise tariffs on US$250 billion of Chinese goods to 30 per cent from 25 per cent next Tuesday and plans to tax more consumer goods, including laptops, smartphones and apparel, in December. Barring an agreement, the Trump administration will tax nearly every product that the country imports from China by the year’s end.

In a note to investors, Mr Joshua Shapiro, the chief United States economist at the research firm MFR, said that the path of the US economy was partly dependent on “political decisions regarding tariffs and other measures that are designed to force China’s hand.” “In this very dangerous game of ‘chicken,’ the global economy may end up as roadkill,” Mr Shapiro said.

Economists have debated how much of the global economic slowdown is a result of trade tensions and how much stems from other factors, including sluggish growth in Europe and a credit slowdown in China. The Trump administration has blamed weak growth overseas, as well as a relatively tight monetary policy from the Federal Reserve.

But as the trade conflict has dragged on and the United States and China have steadily expanded the lists of goods that are subject to tariffs, the costs of the trade war are becoming more evident.

Major measures of consumer sentiment have dipped, with many consumers citing tariffs as a reason for their pessimism. Last week, a closely watched gauge of American manufacturing revealed that factories had slowed for the second straight month in September, while new export orders plummeted.

Other countries have also suffered. German factory orders have plunged, in part because Chinese companies that have been hurt by the trade war have less money to spend on German machinery. That threatens to clamp down on German spending, which would spill over to affect other parts of the eurozone.

Major international institutions have also slashed their expectations for global growth. In a report last week, the World Trade Organisation halved its forecast for growth in the global trade of goods to only 1.2 per cent during 2019, in what would be the weakest year since 2009.

In a speech Monday in Montreal, Mr David Malpass, the president of the World Bank, said the institution would also be lowering its most recent forecast for global economic growth.

In June, the World Bank said that it expected the global economy to grow by 2.6 per cent in 2019, the slowest pace in three years. But growth this year has slowed further as a result of Britain’s potential exit from the European Union, a recession in Europe and global trade uncertainty, Mr Malpass said.

In her address, Ms Georgieva warned that global trade growth has come to a near standstill, weighing on global manufacturing and investment. The slowdown threatens to spill over to the service sector and consumer behavior, as well, she said.

She added that, even if growth picked up in 2020, trade tensions were leading to changes that might last a generation. Supply chains have been broken as companies that once manufactured products in China have tried to find alternatives in order to avoid the tariffs. And a broader fight between the United States and China over which country will dominate technologies like 5G is creating “a ‘digital Berlin Wall’ that forces countries to choose between technological systems,” she said.

That US$700 billion loss because of the trade war with China translates to roughly 0.8 per cent of global gross domestic product, she said, and includes more than US$200 billion of direct losses to businesses and consumers. Much larger secondary effects from a loss of confidence and disruption to markets will also occur.

“In this scenario, the whole economy of Switzerland disappears,” Ms Georgieva said.

Until recently, much of the US economy had been insulated from the pain of the trade war. That is because the bulk of the economy is powered by consumption and services, unlike some smaller countries that are more exposed to shifting global winds of trade.

Trade accounts for just 27 per cent of the US economy, according to World Bank figures, less than China at 38 per cent and Germany at 87 per cent.

The Trump administration has argued that the tariffs it began imposing more than a year ago are having only a limited impact on the US economy. Officials have blamed any signs of slowdown on weakness overseas, a strong US dollar dragging on exports and the actions of the Federal Reserve, which has maintained tighter monetary conditions than many global central banks.

“We are still suffering the aftermath of severe monetary restraint in 2018,” Mr Larry Kudlow, one of the White House’s top economic advisers, said in an interview Friday on Fox Business. “And the eurozone in general is in a virtual recession.”

But several recent studies – from academics, Wall Street researchers and the Federal Reserve – have found varying degrees of economic damage from Mr Trump’s trade policies, primarily through reduced business investment.

Mr Steven Davis, an economist at the University of Chicago who has built several indexes to measure policy uncertainty, wrote in a research paper released in August that Mr Trump’s trade uncertainty had unsettled trading partners and the global economy, contributed to depressed investment and become a major source of volatility in stock markets.

Mr Davis called those developments “an extraordinary departure from recent history” for US trade policy.

In another recent study, Fed economists estimated that trade policy uncertainty reduced the level of investment in the United States by at least 1 per cent in 2018, which equates to several hundred billions of dollars.

Goldman Sachs researchers ran a similar analysis this month, but they came to a much different conclusion. The trade war, they said in a research note, was having only “modest” effects on investment in the United States.

In a paper published Monday, Professor Michael Waugh, an economics expert at the New York University Leonard N Stern School of Business, argued that China’s retaliatory tariffs were also having an effect on spending by Americans.

The paper showed that parts of the United States that were most exposed to the tariffs China had put on American products in response to the trade war – including the upper Midwest, the West Coast, and parts of Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska – had also seen a drop in consumer spending on automobiles, as well as job creation.

“The retaliation is having real impacts on the people that are hit by it,” Prof Waugh said.

Trade uncertainty has also factored prominently in the Fed’s recent interest rate cuts. Fed officials reduced borrowing costs in July for the first time since the Great Recession, then followed that up with a second move in September.

In both cases, Chair Jerome Powell cited slowing global growth and trade tensions as factors that had put central bank officials on guard by intensifying risks to the economic outlook.

The question now is whether the central bank will lower rates again, or whether it views its moves so far as sufficient protection for the economy. Officials have left the door open to a cut at their late-October meeting without clearly signaling that one is coming.

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