A coalition of civil rights groups led by the N.A.A.C.P. have filed a federal lawsuit against Georgia officials charging that a new law severely curtailing ballot access represents “intentional discrimination” against the state’s Black voters.

The suit, dated March 28 and filed in the Northern District Court of Georgia, is the third case brought since Georgia’s Republican governor, Brian Kemp, signed a G.O.P.-backed bill that prohibits the use of drop boxes, requires proof of identity for absentee voting, and makes it a crime to provide food or water to voters forced to line up outside of polling locations.

Opponents of the bill are mounting an all-fronts legal, legislative and political battle to roll back the law and others like it, state by state — as Senate Democrats debate scrapping or suspending the filibuster rule to pass two sweeping electoral reform bills that would void state-level restrictions.

The law “is the culmination of a concerted effort to suppress the participation of Black voters and other voters of color by the Republican State Senate, State House, and governor,” wrote the attorneys from the Georgia chapters of the N.A.A.C.P. and several other groups, including the League of Women Voters, Common Cause and the Georgia Coalition for the People’s Agenda.

The plaintiffs argue that Mr. Kemp and other Republicans violated the First, 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by seeking to limit the participation of Democratic voters who are a growing force in the state’s urban and suburban areas.

“Unable to stem the tide of these demographic changes or change the voting patterns of voters of color, these officials have resorted to attempting to suppress the vote of Black voters and other voters of color in order to maintain the tenuous hold that the Republican Party has in Georgia,” they added. “In other words, these officials are using racial discrimination as a means of achieving a partisan end.”

One of the defendants named in the suit is Georgia’s secretary of state, Brad Raffensparger, a Republican, who supported the expansion of voting access and rebuffed former President Donald J. Trump’s efforts to overturn President Biden’s narrow win in the state.

The plaintiffs claim that “detailed records” on “the racial demographics of voting” maintained by his office were used to draft the legislation.

“As a result, the Georgia legislators and its elected officials are well aware of the implications of making decisions as to voting on racial and ethnic minorities,” they wrote.

The coalition, which includes Georgia’s Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe in the southern part of the state, also argued that the targeting of early in-person voting, absentee ballots and drop boxes discriminates against “Black, Latinx, Asian American, members of indigenous populations.”

Similar suits, making nearly identical legal arguments, were filed by Marc Elias, a top Democratic elections lawyer, and the Black Voters Matter Fund, a civil rights group, shortly after Mr. Kemp signed the law on March 25.

Republicans in Georgia and several other states considering similar laws have argued that restrictions are needed to address claims of widespread voter fraud during the 2020 elections, even though election officials in the state have repeatedly reported that there were few, if any, instances of fraud in last year’s balloting.

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