After being shut for two months in the spring because of the pandemic, Maria’s Bistro Mexicano in Sunset Park found signs of optimism in the summer. Outdoor dining bolstered sales. Laid-off workers were rehired. The dining room eventually reopened, welcoming dozens of customers every week to tables spaced six feet apart.

On Friday, however, the pandemic dampened the restaurant’s progress, as a surge in coronavirus infections prompted Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo to announce a ban on indoor dining in New York City restaurants. The workers at Maria’s will almost certainly have their shifts reduced if they are not let go, as the Brooklyn restaurant hastens to ramp up a delivery operation to survive.

“It all happened just like that, and now we have to go through it again?” Christian Nacipucha, the general manager of Maria’s, said on Saturday.

He said the loss of indoor dining would be a “huge change.”

“It’s a headache,” he said. “It’s a huge headache. We do as much as we can to comply with the rules and are still the first to go.”

With coronavirus cases rising, this past weekend was the last time New Yorkers would legally be able to eat indoors at city restaurants for the foreseeable future, a reversal that reflected the worsening conditions of the pandemic. Now, thousands of restaurants face an uncertain future as they brace for brutal winter months that could reduce business to new lows.

Restaurants across the city are moving to lay off waiters, servers and bartenders, throwing the workers’ lives in turmoil and presenting a new setback in New York’s economic recovery. Some restaurants will shut entirely for the winter months. Others, confronting daunting rent payments and mounting bills, wonder how, if at all, they will survive.

“Shutting indoor dining in the winter, when outdoor dining is less feasible, presents an extraordinarily challenging financial situation, when we’re nine months into the pandemic and people have exhausted their personal savings, taken out loans, maxed out credit cards,” said Andrew Rigie, executive director of the New York City Hospitality Alliance. “They have significantly less resources than the small resources they even had after the initial shutdown.”

A survey from the New York State Restaurant Association of 6,000 restaurant operators in the state found that more than half said it would be unlikely their restaurants would still be in operation in six months without any government aid. The survey found 78 percent expected more layoffs over the next three months.

Michele Gaton, 50, the owner of Extra Virgin in the West Village, said on Friday that she and her head chef told 34 workers that they would no longer have scheduled shifts after the weekend. She had warned employees that she would have to cut back if indoor dining ended.

“I don’t see our sales boosting,” Ms. Gaton said. “It isn’t cost effective to have a busser, a waiter, a host and a bartender at a time like this, when one person can be doing all those jobs.”

Magdelano Garcia, 40, one of the cooks at Extra Virgin, had been with the restaurant for more than 15 years. After he found out that he would no longer be able to work shifts there, he worried about his income.

“How will I pay rent, buy food, support my family?” Mr. Garcia asked. “That is what I am afraid of.”

Evidence has grown that indoor dining can be risky, especially if seats are not spaced out, capacity is not reduced and air is not circulating. Recent recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention described eating at indoor restaurants as a “particularly high-risk” activity.

Serving customers at a reduced capacity provided a “sense of normalcy” for many restaurants, but it did not come close to making up for the amount of business lost in the pandemic, said Jonathan Forgash, executive director of Queens Together, a restaurant group that has helped some businesses raise funds by preparing meals for people in need.

The loss of indoor dining adds pressure to struggling restaurants that are already scrambling to find new ways to bolster business, he said. Some are reducing offerings on their menus to limit the cost of food supplies and labor, Mr. Forgash said, and others are trying to reach a bigger customer base through third-party delivery apps, despite the added cost of using the apps. And still others are repurposing their dining areas into markets.

“People are literally throwing ideas against the wall and seeing what is sticking or working for now,” he said.

Kenya Britain, the manager of Row House in Harlem, said he hoped that by partnering with a bar that invested in heaters in a large outdoor space, the restaurant would be able to serve enough customers to stay afloat through the winter.

On Saturday, Row House had a half-dozen parties seated indoors and no one outdoors. After the restaurant shut down in the spring, it could at least count on more outdoor dining as the weather warmed, Mr. Britain said.

“The difference this time around is people are more prone to staying home,” he said. “It’s going to be tough to get people to come out of their own home and come have a meal.”

Sergey Nagorny, 35, and Marina Nagorny, 36, who were eating inside Row House on Saturday, said they had mostly been avoiding restaurants during the pandemic. But the couple decided to go out before the end — again — of indoor dining. Mr. Nagorny said he doubted he would try outdoor dining this winter.

“Your food’s going to get cold, your butt’s going to get cold, you might as well stay home,” he said. “You want to sit and take off your coat and take off your mask and enjoy yourself.”

Mr. Britain, the manager, said he had relatives that died of the coronavirus and that he understood the need for more precautions. He said officials in New York had supported restaurants more than he had expected.

“To their credit, I think they held off as long as they could, I think they tried to do their best,” Mr. Britain said. “Ironically, I didn’t think we would be open this long. I thought it would be over before Thanksgiving.”

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The ban on indoor dining, however, has also stirred frustration with public officials’ handling of the crisis. Industry groups have ramped up calls for federal or state financial assistance, which could be one component of a federal stimulus package, but agreement in Washington has so far proved elusive.

Restaurant owners have also questioned Mr. Cuomo’s move to shut down indoor dining when public health officials say that far more infections are stemming from private gatherings.

On Friday, Mr. Cuomo said that the city was on a path to hit 90 percent of its hospital capacity, at which point he would order all nonessential businesses closed. But he said a ban on indoor dining was one of the few moves he could make to potentially avoid a broader shut down.

Sisay Kassa, the owner of Lalibela Ethiopian Restaurant in Harlem, said he thought that keeping people six feet apart inside, with a reduced capacity of 25 percent, was relatively safe.

“We’re not asking for 50 percent,” he said. “We are not expecting a lot.”

He said the business was struggling despite the addition of cabanas where patrons could sit outdoors.

“Nobody is going to make a profit right now,” he said. “It’s just surviving.”

Chris Field, 29, the general manager at Empellón Taqueria in the West Village, questioned officials’ blanket approach in banning indoor dining. Empellón has complied with coronavirus restrictions, he said, but some businesses have skirted regulations by building outdoor spaces that are fully enclosed.

“We play by the rules, and then it’s just shut down across the board,” Mr. Field said.

At Extra Virgin, Ms. Gaton said the restaurant had taken all of the necessary steps to reopen indoor dining safely, with employees wearing masks and gloves providing hand sanitizer to patrons. The restaurant put six feet between tables and bought partitions for $500 each that were placed throughout the restaurant.

“We want to do what we need to do to stay alive, but we need clear guidelines,” she said. “Give us the rules and enforce the rules, and the bad players can’t continue.”

Evelyn Simancas, 44, and her husband David Simancas, 55, returned on Saturday night to Maria’s — one of their favorite local spots for guacamole, steak and drinks — for their last chance to dine indoors before the shutdown. Ms. Simancas said a temperature check, socially distanced tables and diligent mask-wearing helped her feel safe inside.

The couple did not think indoor dining should end — they would prefer eating inside in cool weather.

“I’m not going to sit down and eat food that’s going to get cold in five minutes,” Mr. Simancas said.

The couple said they had tried to support local restaurants this year.

“This pandemic is killing people’s pocket’s, financially, emotionally, mentally — everything,” Mr. Simancas said.

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