LONDON — Britain’s tottering efforts to leave the European Union remained at an impasse early Thursday as allies of Prime Minister Theresa May tried to keep her deal alive in the face of unbending opposition.

The deal, already defeated twice in Parliament, was given new life on Wednesday after Mrs. May promised Conservative Party colleagues who are hard-line supporters of leaving the bloc that she would step down if the deal were passed and let someone else take over the next stage of talks with Brussels for the process known as Brexit.

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Andrea Leadsom, the leader of the House of Commons, suggested the government would hold another Brexit vote on Friday, but there was confusion over how certain those plans were and what members would be voting on, with some reports indicating it would be only part of Mrs. May’s deal.

It was also not clear how the government planned to surmount the hurdle set by the speaker, John Bercow, who has said he would allow Parliament to vote again only if the plan had changed substantially.

But Mrs. May’s putative allies in the Democratic Unionist Party of Northern Ireland, or D.U.P., said that her plans for the Irish border remained unacceptable, and some Conservative lawmakers said on Thursday that Mrs. May’s promise to resign had been wholly insufficient.

“I will vote against it because, unfortunately, it means we don’t leave the European Union — it leaves us hanging half in and half out,” Mark Francois, a Conservative lawmaker who supports Brexit, told the BBC. “Not one punctuation mark in the treaty — it is a treaty we’re voting on — has changed. Nothing has changed.”

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Dominic Raab, one of Mrs. May’s former Brexit secretaries, also said on Thursday that the prime minister’s latest pleas were not enough to get him to back her plan. Instead, he said, the government should try to extract more concessions from Brussels, and if that failed, to prepare to leave the bloc without a deal — an option that many analysts say would be calamitous.

But pledges of support from Boris Johnson and other prominent pro-Brexit politicians opened the door to a third vote in Parliament on Mrs. May’s deal. Reports said that her allies were still lobbying the D.U.P., believing that there was no alternative that better matched the party’s goals.

Damian Green, a Conservative lawmaker who is a close ally of Mrs. May’s, said on Thursday that the prime minister would “take the path of soldiering on.”

But Mrs. May is suddenly contending with several alternate plans. For the first time in two years of Brexit negotiations, Parliament voted on Wednesday on a catalog of proposals that clashed with Mrs. May’s, trying to show that a compromise solution could attract a majority.

Those included once-radical ideas such as holding a second public vote on Brexit or revoking Britain’s decision to leave altogether, a well as Brexit plans that would see Britain keep closer ties to Europe than Mrs. May’s proposal envisioned.

To the chagrin of her opponents, all eight alternate plans failed to muster a majority, leading the British newspaper The Guardian to run this headline on its front page on Thursday: “No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.”

A plan for a customs union between Britain and the European Union got closest, losing by eight votes. And the option of holding another referendum to test Britons’ views about leaving the bloc attracted more support than expected: 268 members voted in favor, and 295 against.

The result on the proposal for a second referendum, coming after a weekend when hundreds of thousands of people marched in London for another vote and more than five million signed a petition asking to cancel Brexit, was a sign of how the views of anti-Brexit politicians have grown more intense as the process drags on.

The nonbinding votes set the stage for another round of debate in Parliament on Monday, when the menu of alternate options is to be whittled and politicians given a second chance to coalesce behind a new plan.

Britain’s departure from the European Union, once scheduled for Friday, has been delayed until at least April 12 if Parliament does not accept Mrs. May’s deal, though Britain could ask for a longer extension. The European Union approved an extension to May 22 if the prime minister’s plan gained approval.

Mrs. May’s offer to resign was another reminder that, for all the anxiety in Britain over Brexit, politics in Parliament are still dictated to a large degree by members’ leadership ambitions.

Pro-Brexit politicians like Mr. Johnson have long been angling to take over from Mrs. May, and the chance to do so sooner rather than later seemed to be enough for many to back down from months of fierce opposition to her deal.

Mr. Johnson once said that Mrs. May’s deal had strapped a “suicide vest” around the country. Another hard-line pro-Brexit lawmaker, Jacob Rees-Mogg, said the prime minister’s plan would turn Britain into “a slave state.”

On Wednesday, both said they would back her deal.

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